The Annales have been generally regarded as the same with the Commentarii Pontificum cited by Livy, but there seems reason to believe that the two were distinct, the Commentarii being fuller and more circumstantial.

There were also Commentarii of the priestly colleges: ( a ) Pontificum, collections of their decrees and responses for future reference, to be distinguished from their Annales, which were historical records, and from their Acta, minutes of their meetings ; ( b ) Augurum, similar collections of augural decrees and responses ; ( c ) Decemvirorum ; ( d ) Fratrum Arvalium.

The main scholarly outlet has been the journal Annales d ' Histoire Economique et Sociale (" Annals of economic and social history "), founded in 1929 by Lucien Febvre and Marc Bloch, which broke radically with traditional historiography by insisting on the importance of taking all levels of society into consideration and emphasized the collective nature of mentalities.

One school of thought, citing entries in the Historia Brittonum ( History of the Britons ) and Annales Cambriae ( Welsh Annals ), sees Arthur as a genuine historical figure, a Romano-British leader who fought against the invading Anglo-Saxons sometime in the late 5th to early 6th century.

With colleague Lucien Febvre he founded the Annales School in 1929, by starting the new scholarly journal, Annales d ' Histoire Economique et Sociale (" Annals of economic and social history "), which broke radically with traditional historiography by insisting on the importance of taking all levels of society into consideration and emphasized the collective nature of mentalities.

In 853 and the following years, Louis made more than one attempt to secure the throne of Western Francia, which, according to the Annals of Fulda ( Annales Fuldenses ), the people of that country offered him in their disgust with the cruel misrule of Charles the Bald.

This was a warm-up for his most famous work, the Annales veteris testamenti, a prima mundi origine deducti (" Annals of the Old Testament, deduced from the first origins of the world "), which appeared in 1650, and its continuation, Annalium pars postierior, published in 1654.

The Annals of St. Bertin ( Annales Bertiniani ) for the year 839 became the first written record on the Rus '/ Rhos.

His best known work are his Annales Ecclesiastici (" Ecclesiastical Annals "), which appears in twelve folio volumes ( 1588 – 1607 ).

Annales Cambriae, or The Annals of Wales, is the name given to a complex of Cambro-Latin chronicles deriving ultimately from a text compiled from diverse sources at St David's in Dyfed, Wales, not later than the 10th century.

This is not surprising as the entries of the Annales Fuldenses from 714 to the 830s were adopting material from earlier sources, including the Royal Frankish Annals.

Ussher stated his time of Creation ( nightfall preceding October 23 ) on the first page of Annales in Latin and on the first page of its English translation Annals of the World ( 1658 ).

The great plague of 664 is not noted in the Annales Cambriae, but Bede's description makes clear its impact in both Britain and Ireland, where its occurrence is also noted in the Irish Annals.

Both the Annales Cambriae and the Irish Annals note the plague's impact in Ireland in 683, as do other sources.

The Annales Cambriae ( Annals of Wales ) record the battle as Bellum Cantscaul in 631.

* (): Annales regni Francorum Frankish Annals.

The Annales Cambriae ( Welsh Annals ) and the Annals of Ulster record the conversion of a certain Constantine ; these may be a reference to the Cornish saint and therefore to the historical figure.

It was at the end of the 7th century and among the Irish that the compiling of these Annals was first begun – see the Annals of the Four Masters, the Annals of Ulster, the Annals of Innisfallen and the Annales Cambriae or Annals of Wales, one of the earliest sources for King Arthur.

In the 9th century, during the great movement termed the Carolingian Renaissance, these Annals became the usual form of contemporary history ; it suffices to mention the Royal Frankish Annals, the Annales Fuldenses, the Annales Bertiniani, the Annales Laureshamenses ( or " of Lorsch "), officially compiled in order to preserve the memory of the more interesting acts of Charlemagne, his ancestors and his successors.

" Achievements of the Annales School ," The Journal of Economic History, Vol.

* Herubel, Jean-Pierre V. M. " Historiography's Horizon and Imperative: Febvrian Annales Legacy and Library History as Cultural History ," Libraries & Culture, Volume 39, Number 3, Summer 2004, pp. 293 – 312 in Project Muse

" The Annales and the History of Technology ," Technology and Culture, Volume 46, Number 1, January 2005, pp. 177 – 186 in Project Muse

" Coherence and Incoherence in Historical Studies: From the Annales School to the New Cultural History ," New Literary History, olume 35, Number 2, Spring 2004, pp. 207 – 231 in Project Muse

* Trevor-Roper, H. R. " Fernand Braudel, the Annales, and the Mediterranean ," The Journal of Modern History, Vol.

Arnulf had in fact ruled Bavaria during the summer and autumn of 879 while his father arranged his succession and he himself was granted " Pannonia ," in the words of the Annales Fuldenses, or " Carantanum ," in the words of Regino of Prüm.

* de Finetti, Bruno ( 1937 ) " La Prévision: ses lois logiques, ses sources subjectives ," Annales de l ' Institut Henri Poincaré,

A typical example of the Annales School's " total history ," Bloch's argument weaves the connections between politics, culture, and economics against a backdrop of class conflict to illustrate how " the conscious actions of men have overcome the rhythms of the materialist causality of history.

*" Fernand Braudel, the Annales, and the Mediterranean ," The Journal of Modern History Vol.

* M Chotard, " L ' Œuvre financière de M. de Villèle ," in Annales des sciences politiques ( vol.

His work appeared in Gergonne's " Annales des Mathématiques ," vols.

Here, Hexter dissected Braudel's vast " geohistory ," La Mediteranée marvelling at the organization of the Annales School but pointing out the ironic tensions between the Annales ' rigorous, collaborative, scientific institutional ethos and its leader's passionate, highly personal, often factually inaccurate or poorly sourced book ( for which much of the intellectual labor was carried out from memory while Braudel was in a prisoner-of-war camp ).

* " Beyond the Annales ," The Journal of Modern History Vol.

* Roger C. Baker & Glyn Harman, " Sparsely totient numbers ," Annales de la faculte des sciences de Toulouse Ser.

The Annales was founded and edited by Marc Bloch and Lucien Febvre in 1929, while they were teaching at the University of Strasbourg and later in Paris.

These authors, the former a medieval historian and the latter an early modernist, quickly became associated with the distinctive Annales approach, which combined geography, history, and the sociological approaches of the Année Sociologique ( many members of which were their colleagues at Strasbourg ) to produce an approach which rejected the predominant emphasis on politics, diplomacy and war of many 19th and early 20th-century historians as spearheaded by historians whom Febvre called Les Sorbonnistes.

The Annales historians, after living through two world wars and incredible political upheavals in France, were deeply uncomfortable with the notion that multiple ruptures and discontinuities created history.

Franciszek Bujak ( 1875 – 1953 ) and Jan Rutkowski ( 1886 – 1949 ), the founders of modern economic history in Poland and of the journal Roczniki Dziejów Spolecznych i Gospodarczych ( 1931 – ), were attracted to the innovations of the Annales school.

After the French chemists Louis Nicolas Vauquelin, Louis Jacques Thénard, and Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussac approved the experiments of the young pharmacist Balard, the results were presented at a lecture of the Académie des Sciences and published in Annales de Chimie et Physique.

The Annales date this battle to 516 – 518, and also mention the Battle of Camlann, in which Arthur and Medraut ( Mordred ) were both killed, dated to 537 – 539.

Additionally, the complex textual history of the Annales Cambriae precludes any certainty that the Arthurian annals were added to it even that early.

While it is not clear from the Historia Brittonum and the Annales Cambriae that Arthur was even considered a king, by the time Culhwch and Olwen and the Triads were written he had become Penteyrnedd yr Ynys hon, " Chief of the Lords of this Island ", the overlord of Wales, Cornwall and the North.

However, Vidal's works were influential for the historical Annales School, who also shared the rural bias with the contemporary geographers, and Durkheim's concept of social morphology was later developed and set in connection with social geography by sociologists Marcel Mauss and Maurice Halbwachs.

The Annales Cambriae, a set of Welsh annals that were probably kept at St David's, records Asser's death in the year 908.

The Annales were not written in a continuous narrative, but in the style of earlier annals, giving the events of each year in a separate entry.

The Annales themselves were completed between 960 and 970, though their authors drew on older material.

Cuvier's papers on the so-called Mollusca began appearing as early as 1792, but most of his memoirs on this branch were published in the Annales du museum between 1802 and 1815 ; they were subsequently collected as Mémoires pour servir à l ' histoire et à l ' anatomie des mollusques, published in one volume at Paris in 1817.

This was, as it were, the " manifesto " of the new school of criticism applied to the political and social history of the Revolution ( see Les Annales révolutionnaires, June 1908 ).

The possibility that the Danes were bought off by methods other than the raising of cash is raised by an incident in 869, recorded in the aforementioned Annales and by Regino of Prüm.

The Annales were broadly influential, leading to a turning away from political history towards an emphasis on broader trends of economic and environmental change.

His chief authorities were Cato's Origines, the Annales of Q Hortensius, Pompeius Trogus, Cornelius Nepos and Livy.

When Fuchs 1834 separated references to ergotism from erysipelas and other afflictions, he found the earliest reference to ergotism in the Annales Xantenses for the year 857: " a Great plague of swollen blisters consumed the people by a loathsome rot, so that their limbs were loosened and fell off before death.

The Annales historians, after living through two world wars and massive political upheavals in France, were deeply uncomfortable with the notion that multiple ruptures and discontinuities created history.

In 1841 he published his Jahrbücher des Klosters Altaich, a reconstruction of the lost Annales Altahenses, a medieval source of which fragments only were known to be extant, and these were obscured in other chronicles.

His numerous papers were published in the Annales de chimie et de physique ( 1829 – 1858 ); and most of them also appeared at the time in the Italian scientific journals.

As these data were similar to the first data obtained by Chevreul as soon as 1813, the later sent a letter to the journal Annales de Chimie claiming his priority and contesting the originality of Braconnot's work ( Ann Chim 1815, 94, 73 ).