This time the team used the expedition to raise awareness about the global environmental importance of the Antarctic region and to show that biofuel can be a viable and environmentally friendly option.

The Antarctic Treaty System's yearly Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meetings ( ATCM ) are the international forum for the administration and management of the region.

The Antarctic ( or ) is a polar region, specifically the region around the Earth's South Pole, opposite the Arctic region around the North Pole.

The maritime part of the region constitutes the area of application of the international Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources ( CCAMLR ), where for technical reasons the Convention uses an approximation of the Convergence line by means of a line joining specified points along parallels of latitude and meridians of longitude.

Most of the Antarctic region is situated south of 60 ° S latitude parallel, and is governed in accordance with the international legal regime of the Antarctic Treaty System.

Kerguelen Islands ( France ; also an EU Overseas territory ) are situated in the Antarctic Convergence area, while the Falkland Islands, Isla de los Estados, Hornos Island with Cape Horn, Diego Ramírez Islands, Campbell Island, Macquarie Island, Amsterdam and Saint Paul Islands, Crozet Islands, Prince Edward Islands, and Gough Island and Tristan da Cunha group remain north of the Convergence and thus outside the Antarctic region.

However, the region is visited by more than 40, 000 tourists annually, the most popular destinations being the Antarctic Peninsula area ( especially the South Shetland Islands ) and South Georgia Island.

Category: Antarctic region

The second letter describes the thermal characteristic of its source region: T for tropical, P for polar, A for Arctic or Antarctic, M for monsoon, E for equatorial, and S for superior air ( dry air formed by significant downward motion in the atmosphere ).

Though uninhabited, it is part of the " Scattered Islands " of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands administrative region.

The islands are located from the Isla de los Estados in Argentina ( and from the Argentine mainland ); from Chile ; west of the Shag Rocks ( South Georgia ) and north of the British Antarctic Territory ( which overlaps with the Argentine and Chilean claims to Antarctica in that region ).

The Indian Ocean, not including the Antarctic region.

These were not restricted to Antarctic regions ; on the contrary, subantarctic regions harboured high diversity, and at least one giant penguin occurred in a region not quite 2, 000 km south of the equator 35 mya

From one side the land on the other is visible ; and the cape of this region about 60 miles away, much as if one were sailing eastward through the Straits of Gibraltar or Seville and Barbary or Morocco in Africa, as our Globe shows toward the Antarctic Pole.

** Polar region, the region within the polar circles, referred to as the Arctic and Antarctic

In the Southern Hemisphere, all of Tierra del Fuego lies outside the polar region in Nordenskiöld's system, but part of the island ( including Ushuaia, Argentina ) is reckoned as being within the Antarctic under Köppen's.

* Pertaining to the Polar region, region within the polar circles, referred to as the Arctic and Antarctic

These countries had established over 50 Antarctic stations for the IGY.

It took several other attempts to establish the Antarctic losses as real and significant, especially after NASA had retrieved matching data from its satellite recordings.

This was driven in some part by scientific naiveté, namely an early belief that seawater was incapable of freezing ( as late as the mid-18th century, Captain James Cook had reported, for example, that Antarctic icebergs had yielded fresh water, seemingly confirming the hypothesis ), and that a route close to the North Pole must therefore exist.

Early in June 1899, while home on leave, he had a chance encounter in a London street with Clements Markham ( now knighted and RGS President ), and learned for the first time of an impending Antarctic expedition under the auspices of the Royal Geographical Society.

By early 1906, Scott had sounded out the RGS about the possible funding of a future Antarctic expedition.

By this time, Scott had announced his plans for his second Antarctic expedition.

On its journey from New Zealand to the Antarctic, Terra Nova was trapped in pack ice for 20 days, far longer than other ships had experienced, which meant a late-season arrival and less time for preparatory work before the Antarctic winter.

The King Edward Point base, which had become a small military garrison after the Falklands war, returned to civilian use in 2001 and is now operated by the British Antarctic Survey.

Cook then turned northward to look for French Southern and Antarctic Lands, of the discovery of which he had received news at Cape Town, but from the rough determination of his longitude by Kerguelen, Cook reached the assigned latitude 10 ° too far east and did not see it.

The first documented death due to vitamin A poisoning was Xavier Mertz, a Swiss scientist who died in January 1913 on an Antarctic expedition that had lost its food supplies and fell to eating its sled dogs.

The National Antarctic Expedition, known as the Discovery Expedition after the ship Discovery, was the brainchild of Sir Clements Markham, president of the Royal Geographical Society, and had been many years in preparation.

To conserve coal, the ship was towed by the steamer Koonya to the Antarctic ice, after Shackleton had persuaded the New Zealand government and the Union Steamship Company to share the cost.

Later research concerning the paleoclimatology and ice sheets of Antarctica have completely discredited the interpretations by Hapgood that an Antarctic warm period coincided with the last ice age in the Northern hemisphere and any part of it had been ice-free at and prior to 9, 600 BCE ( approx.

Edward Wilson, physician, naturalist and ornithologist, who died in 1912 on Captain Robert Scott's ill-fated British Antarctic expedition, had earlier practised as a doctor in Paddington.

In January 2011, the head of the Russian Antarctic Expedition, Valery Lukin, announced that his team had only of ice left to drill in order to reach the water.

Using molecular analyses and corroborated by fossils, it has been possible to demonstrate that perching birds evolved first in the region of Australia or the adjacent Antarctic ( which at that time lay somewhat further north and had a temperate climate ).

An engine Ericsson constructed for Sir John Franklin's use failed under the Antarctic conditions for which, out of Franklin's desire to conceal his destination, it had not been designed.

They had last worked together on Scott of the Antarctic in 1948.

Another case is Leonid Rogozov who had to perform the operation on himself as he was the only surgeon on a remote Antarctic base.

After the appearance of real crocodilians, temnospondyls such as Koolasuchus ( 5 m long ) had retreated to the Antarctic region by the Cretaceous, before going extinct.

Admiral Byrd was married ( 20 January 1915 ) to the former Marie Donaldson Ames ( he named a region of Antarctic land he discovered “ Marie Byrd Land ”) and had four children:

In 1928, Admiral Byrd began his first expedition to the Antarctic involving two ships, and three airplanes: Byrd's Flagship was The City of New York ( a Norwegian sealing ship previously named Samson that had come into fame as a ship in the vicinity of Titanic when the latter was sinking ); a Ford Trimotor called the Floyd Bennett ( named after the recently deceased pilot of Byrd's previous expeditions ); a Fairchild FC-2W2, NX8006, built 1928, named " Stars And Stripes " ( now displayed at the Virginia Aviation Museum, on loan from the National Air and Space Museum ); and a Fokker Universal monoplane called the Virginia ( Byrd's birth state ).

Only the Antarctic and Australian coasts have no nearby subduction zones.

" Daily Telegraph columnist Jasper Rees, likening the changes in explorers ' reputations to climatic variations, suggests that " in the current Antarctic weather report, Scott is enjoying his first spell in the sun for twenty-five years ". The New York Times Book Review was more critical, pointing out Crane's support for Scott's discredited claims regarding the circumstances of the freeing of the Discovery from the pack ice, and concluded " For all the many attractions of his book, David Crane offers no answers that convincingly exonerate Scott from a significant share of responsibility for his own demise.

There is no native population on the islands ; the present inhabitants are the British Government Officer, Deputy Postmaster, scientists, and support staff from the British Antarctic Survey who maintain scientific bases at Bird Island and at the capital, King Edward Point, as well as museum staff at nearby Grytviken.

There is no permanent human population on Earth south of the Antarctic Circle.

Since there are no continents in a band of open latitudes between South America and the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula, some of this water is drawn up from great depths.

If the Earth were completely ' upright ' ( its axis at right angles to the orbital plane ) there would be no Arctic, Antarctic, or Tropics: at the poles the sun would permanently circle the horizon ; and at the equator the sun would always rise due east, pass directly overhead, and set due west.

Another example of a storm track is the circumpolar storm track in the Antarctic, however land-sea contrasts play no role in its formation.

Locations north of the Arctic Circle and south of the Antarctic Circle experience no sunset or sunrise at least one day of the year, when the polar day or the polar night persist continuously for 24 hours.

Locations north of the Arctic Circle and south of the Antarctic Circle experience no sunset or sunrise at least one day of the year, when the polar day or the polar night persist continuously for 24 hours.

no: Australian Antarctic Division

Since the Antarctic Treaty came into force in 1961, Article 4 of which states " The treaty does not recognize, dispute, nor establish territorial sovereignty claims ; no new claims shall be asserted while the treaty is in force ", most countries do not recognise territorial claims in Antarctica.

However, the cumulative effect of stalled sovereignty negotiations, the British Nationality Act 1981 ( which would deprive many Islanders of their rights as full British citizens ), the announced withdrawal of, the shelving of plans to rebuild the Royal Marine barracks at Moody Brook, and the proposed closure of the British Antarctic Survey base at Grytviken on South Georgia, was to convince Argentina that Britain had no future interest in the Islands.

Although sled dogs are still used in the Arctic, they are now no longer found in the Antarctic.

The dogs had no real function any longer after snowmobiles had been developed to the stage that they functioned reliably, but for the sake of tradition, the British Antarctic stations had continued to keep them.

There are no permanent human settlements south of the Antarctic Circle, so the countries and territories whose populations experience it are limited to the ones crossed by the Arctic Circle, e. g. Canada ( Yukon, Northwest Territories, and Nunavut ), Denmark ( Greenland ), Finland, Sápmi, Norway, Russia, Sweden, the United States ( Alaska ), and extremities of Iceland.

This is because: there is no land bridge between Southern Hemisphere countries and the Antarctic zone capable of bringing in cold air without the temperature-mitigating effects of extensive tracts of water ; the vastly greater amount of ocean in the Southern Hemisphere at all latitudes ; at this time in Earth's geologic history the Earth has an orbit which brings it in closer to the Southern Hemisphere for its warmer seasons ; there is a circumpolar flow of air ( the roaring 40s and 50s ) uninterrupted by large land masses ; no equivalent jet streams ; and the peculiarities of the reversing ocean currents in the Pacific.

There is no significant land anywhere around the world at the latitudes of the Drake Passage, which is important to the unimpeded flow of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current which carries a huge volume of water ( about 600 times the flow of the Amazon River ) through the Passage and around Antarctica.

* Antarctic krill manages to directly utilize the minute phytoplankton cells, which no other higher animal of krill size can do.

It is part of the Antarctic Treaty System but has been designated no longer " current " in 2011.

The French Southern and Antarctic Territories ( which include the French Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean ) is a French Overseas Territory but have no permanent population.

The remaining four external territories, the Australian Antarctic Territory, the Coral Sea Islands Territory, the Territory of Ashmore Reef and Cartier Island, and the Territory of Heard and McDonald Islands have no permanent population and do not have an Administrator as such but are administered directly by the Commonwealth Government, currently under the auspices of the Attorney-General's Department.

During 2000 the Royal Mail issued a commemorative stamp in his honour, but as no likeness of the discoverer of Antarctica could be found, the stamp depicted instead RRS Bransfield, an Antarctic surveying vessel named after him.

no: Antarctic Muon And Neutrino Detector Array