Syria was dominated by many peoples in its history, including the Sumerians, Akkadians, Assyrians, Chaldeans, Canaanites, Arameans, Hattians, Babylonians, Persians, Greeks, Romans, Nabataeans, Byzantines, Arabs, Crusaders, Ottomans, and French.

The city was the chief home of the Mesopotamian moon god Sin, under the Assyrians and Neo-Babylonians / Chaldeans and even into Roman times.

Article 125 of the Iraqi constitution says, " This Constitution shall guarantee the administrative, political, cultural, and educational rights of the various nationalities, such as Turkomen, Chaldeans, Assyrians, and all other constituents, and this shall be regulated by law ".

The term is also rejected by some indigenous Semitic minorities such as the Ashkenazim, Sephardim, Mizrahim, Chaldeans, Assyrians, and Syriacs, as they pre-date Arabs in places such as Iraq, Israel / Palestine, and Syria.

Mesopotamian civilizations ( Sumerian, Assyrians, Babylonians, Chaldeans and Medians ) devoted great care to oiling and dressing their beards, using tongs and curling irons to create elaborate ringlets and tiered patterns.

** adherents of the Chaldean Catholic Church, usually called Assyrians or more rarely Chaldeans or Chaldo-Assyrians.

Urfa was conquered repeatedly throughout history, and has been dominated by many civilizations, including the Ebla, Akkadians, Sumerians, Babylonians, Hittites, Armenians, Hurri-Mitannis ( Armeno-Aryans ), Assyrians, Chaldeans, Medes, Persians, Macedonians ( under Alexander the Great ), Seleucids, Arameans, Osrhoenes, Romans, Sassanids, Byzantines, and Crusaders.

Three of these seats are reserved for members of the Christian faith, including two seats for the country's Armenian Christians, and one for Assyrians and Chaldeans.

* Chaldean people, part of the Assyrian people ( Assyrian / Chaldean / Syriac people frequently known as Assyrians, Syriacs, Syriac Christians, Suroye / Suryoye, Chaldeans, and other variants )

Many Assyrians / Chaldeans living in the diaspora, notably from American cities such as Detroit, San Diego, Riverside, Los Angeles, and Phoenix trace their origins to Zakho.

First in its ranks were the prophets of the Egyptians ; and the Chaldeans among the Assyrians ; and the Druids among the Gauls ; and the Sramanas among the Bactrians (" Σαρμαναίοι Βάκτρων "); and the philosophers of the Celts ; and the Magi of the Persians, who foretold the Saviour's birth, and came into the land of Judea guided by a star.

Nestorians, Syrians, Syriacs, and Chaldeans were names imposed by Western missionaries such as the Catholics and Protestants on the Ottoman and Persian Assyrians.

Today, Twente has one of the Netherlands ’ largest exile communities of Syriacs ( also known as Assyrians, Arameans and Chaldeans ).

Armenoid was also identified as the dominant type of the indigenous Semitic groups of Syria and Mesopotamia: the ancient Amorites, the modern Assyrians, Syriacs, and Chaldeans, the religious minorities of Lebanon and Syria, and the Lebanese and Syrians of mountainous regions were all identified as being of the Armenoid type.

This is the explanation for the inhabitants of Egypt, Iraq, and other Middle Eastern countries considering themselves " Arab " instead of the successor population of the ancient Egyptians ( Copts ), Chaldeans, Assyrians, and so forth, which is limited to their surviving Christian minorities.

Soon Bel-ibni was conspiring with the Chaldeans and Elamites against the Assyrians.

Unlike the Semitic Akkadians and their descendant Assyrians, whose Anatolian possessions were peripheral to their core lands in Mesopotamia, the Hittites were centred at Hattusa in north-central Anatolia by 2000 BC.

The Old Testament story of Judith illustrates how a woman frees the Israelites by tricking and assassinating Holofernes, a warlord of the rival Assyrians, with whom the Israelites were at war.

An alliance between Ahab of Israel and Ben Hadad II of Damascus managed to repulse the incursions of the Assyrians, with a victory at the Battle of Qarqar ( 854 BCE ).

This occurred at the same time that Israel was being destroyed by Assyria, and was probably the result of a cooperative arrangement with the Assyrians to establish Judah as an Assyrian vassal controlling the valuable olive industry.

Ahaz, king of Judah, at this crisis refused to co-operate with the kings of Israel and Syria in opposition to the Assyrians, and was on that account attacked and defeated by Rezin of Damascus and Pekah of Israel (; ).

However, lack of archaeological evidence for Nazareth from Assyrian, Babylonian, Persian, Hellenistic or Early Roman times, at least in the major excavations between 1955 and 1990, shows that the settlement apparently came to an abrupt end about 720 BC, when many towns in the area were destroyed by the Assyrians.

While the Assyrians were busy at the Persian Gulf, the Elamites invaded northern Babylonia in a complete surprise.

Following the collapse of the last Sumerian " Ur-III " dynasty at the hands of the Elamites ( 2002 BC traditional, 1940 BC short ), the Amorites, another Semitic people, gradually gained control over most of southern Mesopotamia, where they formed a series of small kingdoms, while the Assyrians reasserted their independence in the north.

Cyprus was under the control of the Assyrians at this time but the city-states of the island enjoyed a relative independence as long as they paid their tribute to the Assyrian king.

In 714 BC, the Assyrians under Sargon II defeated the Urartian King Rusa I at Lake Urmia and destroyed the holy Urartian temple at Musasir.

Layard remained in the neighbourhood of Mosul, carrying on excavations at Kuyunjik and Nimrud, and investigating the condition of various peoples, until 1847 ; and, returning to England in 1848, published Nineveh and its Remains: with an Account of a Visit to the Chaldaean Christians of Kurdistan, and the Yezidis, and an Inquiry into the Manners and Arts of the Ancient Assyrians ( 2 vols., 1848 – 1849 ).

Khumma-Menanu recruited a new army to help the Babylonians against the Assyrians at the battle of Halule in 691 BC.

Notable folks and states deploying cataphracts at some point in their history include: the Scythians, Assyrians, Sarmatians, Parthian dynasties, Achaemenid Empire, Sakas, Armenia, Seleucids, Pergamenes, Empire of Goguryeo, the Sassanid Empire, the Roman Empire and the Byzantine Empire.

Conquered by the Assyrians in 701 BCE and listed in Sennacherib's annals as Ak-zi-bi, the continuation of Phoenician settlement through this period and during the decline endured during the Persian period, is evidenced in 5th and 4th century BCE Phoenician inscriptions that were found at the site.

; 722 BCE: The Assyrians led by Shalmaneser conquered the ( Northern ) Kingdom of Israel and sent the Israelites into captivity at Khorasan.

The besieged, who included not only Assyrians but also Hellenistic Jews, appealed for help to Lysias, who effectively became the regent of the young king Antiochus V Eupator after the death of Antiochus Epiphanes at the end of 164 BCE during the Parthian campaign.

Attempts at producing a state of general anaesthesia can be traced throughout recorded history in the writings of the ancient Sumerians, Babylonians, Assyrians, Egyptians, Greeks, Romans, Indians, and Chinese.

The 1st century Judaeo-Roman historian Flavius Josephus further gives the following statement: " Ashur lived at the city of Nineve ; and named his subjects Assyrians, who became the most fortunate nation, beyond others ” ( Antiquities, i, vi, 4 ).

In the late spring of 1933, the American representative in Iraq, Paul Knabenshue, described public animosity towards the Assyrians was at ' fever heat.

The French, who at the time were controlling Syria, had notified the Iraqis that the Assyrians were not armed ; but while the Iraqi soldiers were disarming those whose arms had been returned by the French, shots were fired ( it is not clear if the Assyrians or Iraqi Army opened fire first ) resulting in a military clash, the Iraqi army was defeated and 30 Iraqi soldiers killed.

Some historical documents show that at the beginning of the 20th century, the city's population had a significant Christian minority ( Assyrians and Armenians ).

The Babylonian Chronicle dates the battle at Harran between the Assyrians and their Egyptian allies against the Babylonians from Tammuz ( July – August ) to Elul ( August – September ) 609 BC.

Isaiah 8: 1-15 continues the previous chapter: the prophet tells of the birth of another child, his own son named Maher-shalal-hash-baz ( yet another symbolic name ), then predicts that after Ephraim and Syria are destroyed the Assyrians will come like a river in flood to " cover the breadth of your land, Immanuel " ( Isaiah 8: 8 ).

It's not clear who won this battle, since both sides claimed victory, and all rulers remained on their thrones, but it is generally agreed that the Assyrians suffered the greatest losses.

Assyrians won over Denyen and Sam ' al in 825 BC.