The Mamluks, who forced out the Mongols after the destruction of the Ayyubid dynasty, maintained the Ayyubid principality of Hama until deposing its last ruler in 1341.

The last Ayyubid ruler of Hama died in 1299 and Hama briefly passed through direct Mamluk suzerainty.

The invasion effectively destroyed the Ayyubid Dynasty, theretofore powerful ruler of large parts of the Levant, Egypt, and Arabia.

The Ayyubid ruler of Mayyafariqin, Malik Kamil, and his cousin in Aleppo and the future Sultan, Malik Nasir Yusuf sent envoys to Mongke Khan, who imposed darugachis ( overseers ) and a census on the Diyarbakir area.

He was the son of Shadhi ibn Marwan, a Kurdish ruler, and was the brother of Najm ad-Din Ayyub, the ancestor of the Ayyubid dynasty.

* 1218: Death of the Ayyubid ruler Al-Adil I, accession of Al-Kamil.

* 1234: Death of the Ayyubid ruler Al-Kamil, accession of Al-Adil II.

Al-Malik as-Salih Najm al-Din Ayyub () ( Nickname: Abu al-Futuh أبو الفتوح ) ( Cairo, 5 November 1205 – 22 November 1249 in Al Mansurah ), also known as al-Malik al-Salih was the Ayyubid ruler of Egypt from 1240 to 1249.

1205 – 1249 ), Ayyubid ruler of Egypt

The order originated in Iraq though it spread all over the Islamic world under its founder's nephew, Abu Hafs Umar al-Suhrawardi ( 1145 – 1234 CE ), who was sent by the Caliph in Baghdad as an ambassador to the Ayyubid Sultan Al-Adil I of Egypt, to Khwarezm-Shah Muhammad of Bukhara and to Kayqubad I, Sultan of Rûm.

He sent forces to Egypt under the command of Louis I, Duke of Bavaria, but constant expectation of his arrival caused papal legate Pelagius to reject Ayyubid sultan Al-Kamil's offer to restore the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem to the crusaders in exchange for their withdrawal from Egypt and caused the Crusade to continually stall in anticipation of his ever-delayed arrival.

After al-Adil I seized the throne in Cairo and with it the sultanate of the Ayyubid oligarchy, the period of rivalry between Damascus and Cairo to become capital of the Ayyubid empire commenced.

Annexed to the Ummayad Caliphate after the Battle of Yarmouk, it came under brief crusader rule as Zakkanin until retaken by Saladin and the Ayyubid Dynasty following the Battle of Hattin where it remained in Muslim hands under the Mamluks, Dhaher al-Omar, and the Ottomans, until Ottoman Syria was occupied by the British Empire after World War I.

Mansoura was established in 1219 by Saladin's nephew, Abu-Bakr Malik ibn al-Adil I ( their phater also known as Saphadin ) of the Ayyubid dynasty.

However, in 1310, under the patronage of the Mamluk sultan al-Nasir Muhammad, Hama again came under Ayyubid governance in the person of the well-known geographer and author Abu al-Fida.

In 1173, the northern wall of the mosque was damaged again by fire and was rebuilt by the Ayyubid sultan, Saladin ( r. 1174 – 1193 ), along with the Minaret of the Bride, which had been destroyed in the 1069 fire.

The Transjordan castles stayed in Ayyubid hands, and Arab sources suggest that Frederick was not permitted to restore Jerusalem's fortifications.

This heavier rustic style became a common feature in other Ayyubid fortifications, and can be seen in the Citadel of Damascus and that of Bosra in Syria.

Ayyubid architectural achievements focused on four areas: the citadel, the waterworks, fortifications, and the extramural developments.

Their name means ' of the sea ', referring to the location of their original residence on Al-Rodah Island in the Nile ( Bahr al-Nil ) in Cairo at the castle of Al-Rodah which was built by the Ayyubid Sultan as-Salih Ayyub

Bethlehem — along with Jerusalem, Nazareth, and Sidon — was briefly ceded to the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem by a treaty between Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II and Ayyubid Sultan al-Kamil in 1229, in return for a ten-year truce between the Ayyubids and the Crusaders.

As the first Sultan of Egypt, Saladin established the Ayyubid dynasty, based in Cairo, and aligned Egypt with the Abbasids, who were based in Baghdad.

* 1250 – Seventh Crusade: Crusaders engage Ayyubid forces in the Battle of Al Mansurah.

In 1187, the Ayyubid Sultan, Saladin, defeated the Crusaders in the Battle of Hattin ( above Tiberias ), taking Jerusalem and most of Palestine.

In 1187, the Crusaders were evicted by the Ayyubid forces of Saladin after their victory in the Battle of Hattin, and the town slowly went into decline.

The kingdom became little more than a pawn in the politics and warfare of the Ayyubid and Mamluk dynasties in Egypt, as well as the Khwarezmian and Mongol invaders.

The Ayyubid empire had fallen into civil war after the death of Saladin in 1193.

Neither side could agree to terms, despite the Ayyubid offer of a thirty-year truce and the restoration of Jerusalem and most of the rest of the former kingdom.

Dawud took advantage of the Ayyubid victory to recapture Jerusalem in December, the ten-year truce having expired.

They sacked Baghdad in 1258, and Aleppo and Damascus in 1260, destroying both the Abbasid caliphate and the last vestiges of the Ayyubid dynasty.

He had begun with the rapid capture of the port of Damietta in June 1249, an attack which did cause some disruption in the Muslim Ayyubid empire, especially as the current sultan was on his deathbed.

During this time, the Ayyubid sultan died, and a sudden power shift took place, as the sultan's wife Shajar al-Durr set events in motion which were to make her Queen, and eventually place the Egyptian army of the Mamluks in power.

From Persia, in medieval times polo spread to the Byzantines ( who called it tzykanion ), and after the Muslim conquests to the Ayyubid and Mameluke dynasties of Egypt and the Levant, whose elites favoured it above all other sports.

Ṣalāḥ ad-Dīn Yūsuf ibn Ayyūb (, Ṣalāḥ ad-Dīn Yūsuf ibn Ayyūb, Kurdish: سه ‌ لاحه ‌ دین ئه ‌ یوبی, Selah ' edînê Eyubî ) ( 1137 / 1138 – March 4, 1193 ), better known in the Western world as Saladin, was a Kurdish Muslim, who became the first Sultan of Egypt and Syria, and founded the Ayyubid dynasty .< ref name =" Minorsky "> A number of contemporary sources make note of this.

In 1174, Saladin sent Turan-Shah to conquer Yemen to allocate it and its port Aden to the territories of the Ayyubid Dynasty.

The Ayyubid dynasty held a council upon the revelation of his preparations to discuss the possible threat and Saladin collected his own troops outside Cairo.

On April 13, 1175, the Zengid troops marched to attack his forces, but soon found themselves surrounded by Saladin's Ayyubid veterans who crushed them.

All of the booty from the Ayyubid victory was accorded to the army, Saladin not keeping anything himself.

According to this version, one night, Saladin's guards noticed a spark glowing down the hill of Masyaf and then vanishing among the Ayyubid tents.

" William of Tyre recorded that the Ayyubid army consisted of soldiers, of which 8, 000 were elite forces and were black slave soldiers from the Sudan.

On November 25, while the greater part of the Ayyubid army was absent, Saladin and his men were surprised near Ramla in the battle of Montgisard.

Before they could form up, the Templar force hacked the Ayyubid army down.

The engagement ended in a decisive Ayyubid victory and many high-ranking knights were captured.

Raymond of Tripoli denounced the truce, but was compelled to accept after an Ayyubid raid in his territory in May and upon the appearance of Saladin's naval fleet off the port of Tartus.

Later, Ayyubid warships were waged against Bedouin river pirates who were plundering the shores of Lake Tanis.