In 1945, he became a Dramaturg at the Bavarian State Opera and there, as one of the few internationally-recognized figures who had survived untainted by any collaboration with the Nazi regime, he became a vital figure in the rebuilding of ( West ) German musical life.

While the economic development in Baden proceeded relatively well, with its long borders and well entrenched infrastructure for trade, economic development in Bavaria lagged well behind it, and the Bavarian regime enacted a protective tariff on goods produced outside its border.

The emphasis upon resistance in " everyday life " in the " Bavaria Project " portrayed Widerstand ( resistance ) not as a contrast between black and white but rather shades of grey, noting that people who often refused to behave as the Nazi regime wanted in one area often conformed in others ; as an example the Bavarian peasants who did business with Jewish cattle dealers in the 1930s despite the efforts of the Nazi regime to stop these transactions otherwise often expressed approval of the anti-Semitic laws.

At the time, Bavarian porn seemed outrageous and shocking to the older generation, who had been instilled with the family values of the National Socialist regime, not to mention traditional German sexual morality.

In 1796 the Duke of Zweibrücken, Maximilian Joseph, the future Bavarian king Max I. Joseph, was exiled to Ansbach after Zweibrücken had been taken by the French.

This had two aims: firstly to put pressure on the Elector to fight or come to terms before Tallard arrived with reinforcements ; and secondly, to ruin Bavaria as a base from which the French and Bavarian armies could attack Vienna, or pursue the Duke into Franconia if, at some stage, he had to withdraw northwards.

Between Lutzingen and Oberglauheim the Elector placed 27 squadrons of cavalry – Count d ' Arco commanded 14 Bavarian squadrons and Count Wolframsdorf had 13 more in support nearby.

Meanwhile the Allies had once again attacked the Bavarian stronghold at Lutzingen.

Stuck in the mass of fugitives fleeing the battlefield, the French and Bavarian commanders narrowly escaped capture by General Cornelius Wood who, unaware of their identity, had to content himself with the seizure of two Bavarian Lieutenant-Generals.

After Napoleon's Hundred Days following his escape from Elba, Landau, which had remained French, was granted to the Kingdom of Bavaria in 1816 and became the capital of one of the thirteen Bezirksämter ( counties ) of the Bavarian Rheinpfalz. In 1840 famous political cartoonist Thomas Nast was born in Landau.

Under the regency of the Bavarian electors Munich was an important centre of baroque life but also had to suffer under Habsburg occupations in 1704 and 1742.

Bavarian brewers had begun aging beer made with bottom-fermenting yeasts in caves ( i. e. ), which improved the beer's clarity and shelf-life.

Rather, in 1802, following the death of Charles Theodore, it was brought to Munich, where Baron Johann Paul Carl von Moll had obtained a general exemption of confiscation for the Bavarian collections.

Nast was born in the barracks of Landau, Germany ( now in Rhine Palatinate ), the son of a trombonist in the Bavarian 9th regiment band ; he had a half sister named Andie.

Upon the death of his elder brother Spytihněv in 915, Vratislaus became Bohemian duke at a time when his duchy had already distanced itself from the political and cultural influence of Great Moravia and fallen under East Frankish, especially Bavarian influence.

When the Partition Treaty became known in 1698, the Spanish vehemently objected to the planned dismemberment of their empire ; although Charles II agreed to name the Bavarian Prince his heir, he assigned to him the whole Spanish Empire rather than merely the parts England and France had chosen.

To withstand Saxon overlordship Wenceslaus ' father Vratislaus had forged an alliance with the Bavarian duke Arnulf the Bad, then a fierce opponent of King Henry ; however, it became worthless when Arnulf and Henry reconciled at Regensburg in 921.

The childless dukes Louis and Otto had already promised Charles IV the succession in Brandenburg in 1364 as revenge for a conflict with their brother Stephen II over the Bavarian succession after the death of their nephew Meinhard, the son of Louis V. Louis the Roman died in Berlin in 1365.

The Fourth Army had twenty-five miles of front to defend with three Groups, Dixmude ( XIV Corps ), Ypres ( III Bavarian Corps ) and Wytschaete ( IX Reserve Corps ); Group Staden ( Guards Reserve Corps ) was added later.

France had posed hitherto as an auxiliary, its officers in Germany had worn the Bavarian cockade, and only with Britain was it officially at war.

850, called Bavarian Geographer after its anonymous creator, mentions the Slavic tribe of Wolinians who then had 70 strongholds ( Uelunzani civitates LXX ).

Such was the consensus that Ostpolitik had been vindicated that Bavarian Minister-President Franz Josef Strauß, who had fiercely fought against the Basic Treaty and was Kohl's main opponent within the CDU / CSU bloc, secured the passage of a Kohl-initiated 3 billion mark loan to the GDR in 1983.

The Bavarian engineers, for example, had blown 20 mines in the sector by March 1915.

The division was created in January 1917 through the amalgamation of existing Bavarian formations and had so far only opposed the Canadian Corps.

In 1562, the Bavarian government sent a long plea to the Holy Roman Emperor asking him to stop the cutting of yew, and outlining the damage done to the forests by its selective extraction, which broke the canopy and allowed wind to destroy neighbouring trees.

The University of Prague adopted the division of students into nationes: from its opening in 1349 the studium generale which consisted of Bohemian, Bavarian, Saxon and Polish nations.

Carantania retained its internal independence until 828 when the local princes, following the anti-Frankish rebellion of Ljudevit Posavski, were deposed and gradually replaced by a Germanic ( primarily Bavarian ) ascendancy.

In 1851, a Bavarian artillery corporal, Wilhelm Bauer, took a submarine designed by him called the Brandtaucher ( incendiary-diver ), which sank on its first test dive in Kiel Harbour — but its three crewmen managed to escape, after flooding the vessel, which allowed the inside pressure to equalize.

In its time, the film was considered so radical that when first broadcast in Germany, the Bavarian network turned off the transmitters rather than broadcast it.

Solitude Palace in Stuttgart and Chinese Palace in Oranienbaum, the Bavarian church of Wies and Sanssouci in Potsdam are examples of how Rococo made its way into European architecture.

The Bavarian branch kept the duchy of Bavaria until its extinction in 1777.

Leopold, who received the mark as a reward for his fidelity to the emperor Otto II during the Bavarian rising in 976, extended its area at the expense of the Hungarians, and was succeeded in 994 by his son Henry I. Henry, who continued his father's policy, was followed in 1018 by his brother Adalbert and in 1055 by his nephew, Ernest, whose marked loyalty to the emperors Henry II and Henry III was rewarded by many tokens of favour.

Along with its Bavarian sister party the Christian Social Union of Bavaria ( CSU ), the CDU forms the CDU / CSU grouping, also known as the Union, in the Bundestag.

The Pimple was initially defended by the 16th Bavarian Infantry Division, but the Canadian Corps ' preliminary artillery bombardment leading up to the assault on 9 April caused heavy casualties amongst its ranks.

The gem was offered with other Bavarian Crown Jewels in a 1931 auction at Christies in London, but apparently it did not sell, nor did it return to its display in Munich.

His second film, Katzelmacher ( 1969 ), ( Bavarian pejorative slang term for a foreign worker from the Mediterranean ), was received more positively, garnering five prizes after its debut at Mannheim.

During the Bavarian revolution of April 1919, Thulists were accused of trying to infiltrate its government and of attempting a coup.

France and its Protestant German allies defeated the forces of the Holy Roman Empire and its Bavarian Catholic league allies.

A few years later Ulrich quarrelled with the Swabian League, and its forces ( helped by William IV, Duke of Bavaria, angered by the treatment meted out by Ulrich to his wife Sabina, a Bavarian princess ), invaded Württemberg, expelled the duke and sold his duchy to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, for 220, 000 gulden.

Point IV of the agreement stated that Austria was to withdraw its troops from the territories of Vorarlberg and Tyrol, returning them to Bavarian rule.

Tyrol remained divided under Bavarian and Italian authority for another four years, before its reunification and return to Austria following the decisions at the Congress of Vienna in 1814.

The Bavarian regiolect has its origins in the Germanic tribe known as the Bavarii, who established a tribal duchy, which covered much of what is today Bavaria and some of Austria in the early Middle Ages and was eventually subdued by Charlemagne.

Although Bavarian as a spoken language is in daily use in its region, Standard German, often with strong regional influence, is preferred in the mass media.

Likewise, Bavarian repudiation of its French ties meant France was freed of its German involvement, and could now concentrate on its own military efforts in Italy and the Low Countries.