** Beys of Tunis

* List of Beys of Tunis

The latter happened in North Africa: the Beys / Deys of Tunis and Algiers established themselves as ' regencies ' and even Egypt went its own way under its great khedive Mohammed Ali-they would in turn be subjected to European colonial dominance, as protectorates, of France and Britain.

Category: Beys of Tunis

# REDIRECT List of Beys of Tunis

# REDIRECT List of Beys of Tunis

Category: Beys of Tunis

* in Qusantina ( Constantine in French ), an Ottoman district subject to the Algiers regency since 1525 ( had its own Beys since 1567 ), the last incumbent, Ahmed Bey ben Mohamed Chérif ( b. c. 1784, in office 1826-1848, d. 1850 ), was maintained when in 1826 the local Kabyle population declared independence, and when it was on 13 October 1837 conquered by France, until it was incorporated into Algeria in 1848.

Although the Giray dynasty was the symbol of government, the khan actually governed with the participation of Qaraçı Beys, the leaders of the noble clans such as Şirin, Barın, Arğın, Qıpçaq, and in the later period, Mansuroğlu and Sicavut.

Anatolian beyliks, or Turkmen beyliks (, Ottoman Turkish: Tevâif-i mülûk, Beylik ) were small Turkish principalities governed by Beys, which were founded across Anatolia at the end of the 11th century in a first period, and more extensively during the decline of the Seljuq Sultanate of Rûm during the second half of the 13th century.

However, in the 19th century after the fall of the Albanian pashaliks and the Massacre of the Albanian Beys an Albanian National Awakening took place and many revolts against the Ottoman Empire were organized.

Zogu's government followed the European model, though large parts of Albania still maintained a social structure unchanged from the days of Ottoman rule, and most villages were serf plantations run by the Beys.

Beys were lower in rank than pashas and provincial governors ( wālis, usually holding the title of pasha ), who governed most of the Ottoman vilayets ( provinces ), but higher than effendis.

Beys in the khanate were as important as the Polish Magnats.

Refik and Şerafettin Beys, friends of Fuat Bey, were also good fencers.

After Mahmud II ruthlessly abolished the Janissary during the Auspicious Incident in 1826 and adamantly advanced against all Balkan Muslims ; captaincy's, Beys and Pashas in Rumelia and tried to force his dubious version reforms, which were rejected by the Bosniaks.

The Ottomans eventually held Tunisia indirectly, through the Muradid and Husaynid Beys.

Traditionally, sons of Ottoman élite ( sons of Vezirs, Pashas and Beys ) served in this unit.

Other Beys saw their own Beylik promoted to statehood, e. g.:

However, just twelve years later, Tamerlane and his forces defeated the Ottomans in the Battle of Ankara, and returned control of the region to its former rulers, the Menteşe Beys, as he did for other Anatolian beyliks.

Right after 1830, when the Massacre of the Albanian Beys occurred, the last Albanian Pashalik, that of Scutari fell.

Harte then sends Surprise and Babbington ’ s Dryad on a mission to the Ionian Sea to put one of three Turkish Beys in control of Kutali and remove the French from Marga.

The Seljuq Sultanate's central power established in Konya employed these clans especially in border areas, in order to ensure safety against the Byzantines, under Beys called uç beyi or uj begi ( uç is a Turkish term for a border territory ; cf.

Following the fall of the centralized power in Konya, many Beys joined forces with the atabegs ( former Seljuq leaders ) and other religious Muslim leaders and warriors from Persia and Turkistan fleeing the Mongols, invading the Byzantine empire where they established emirates.

* Magdalena Plantin married Gilles Beys, who then ran the French branch of the Plantin office.

During the breakup of the Ottoman Empire, Tetovo become under Albanian control by influence of the Albanian Beys and Pashas of the former Ottoman Empire.

The family is noted for producing the largest number of noble style holders in Egypt, such as Pashas, Beks / Beys, Hanims, Saheb or Sahebet Ezza, Mqama, Saada, Maaly and Oussma, intellectuals, politicians, business people and men / women of letters.

Under the Ottomans, the Maghreb was divided into three provinces, Algiers, Tripoli and Tunis.

The Second Barbary War ( 1815, also known as the Algerine or Algerian War ) was the second of two wars fought between the United States of America, England, and The Netherlands loosely allied against the Ottoman Empire's North African regencies of Algiers, Tripoli, and Tunis, known collectively as the Barbary States.

The best roads run along the coast between Tripoli and Tunis in Tunisia ; also between Benghazi and Tobruk, connecting with Alexandria in Egypt.

Important naval victories of the Ottoman Empire in this period include the Battle of Preveza ( 1538 ); Battle of Ponza ( 1552 ); Battle of Djerba ( 1560 ); conquest of Algiers ( in 1516 and 1529 ) and Tunis ( in 1534 and 1574 ) from Spain ; conquest of Rhodes ( 1522 ) and Tripoli ( 1551 ) from the Knights of St. John ; capture of Nice ( 1543 ) from the Holy Roman Empire ; capture of Corsica ( 1553 ) from the Republic of Genoa ; capture of the Balearic Islands ( 1558 ) from Spain ; capture of Aden ( 1548 ), Muscat ( 1552 ) and Aceh ( 1565 – 67 ) from Portugal during the Indian Ocean expeditions ; among others.

Jefferson and the young American navy forced Tunis and Algiers into breaking their alliance with Tripoli which ultimately moved it out of the war.

The Barbary corsairs were pirates and privateers that operated from North African ( the " Barbary Coast ") ports of Algiers, Tunis, Tripoli and ports in Morocco, preying on shipping in the western Mediterranean Sea from the time of the Crusades as well as on ships on their way to Asia around Africa until the early 19th century.

The coastlands by Tripoli, Libya called Tarabulus also had been, before the Turks, in long political association with Tunis.

Tripoli and Tunis experienced famine in 1784 and 1785 respectively.

* Early 19th century-Barbary Wars: Algiers, Morocco, Tripoli, and Tunis require America to pay protection money ; U. S. Navy sent in and forces abandonment of tribute ; other states demanded tribute until 1815 when Stephen Decatur again prevailed.

Services were started to Sharjah, Tehran, Khartoum, Bombay, Tripoli, Tunis, Rabat, Geneva, Frankfurt, and London.

In the 1980s, Tunis and Tripoli joined the route map, and Alia's IBM computer center was inaugurated.

It derives its name from Gen. William Eaton ( 1764 – 1811 ), the U. S. Consul at Tunis, who led a diverse army in a harrowing march from Egypt to Tripoli to meet the U. S. Naval forces.

| Turkish Airlines | Aalborg, Abidjan, Abu Dhabi, Accra, Addis Ababa, Aden 2 October 2012, Aleppo, Alexandria-Borg El Arab, Algiers, Almaty, Amman-Queen Alia, Amsterdam, Ashgabat, Astana, Athens, Baghdad, Bahrain, Baku, Bangkok-Suvarnabhumi, Barcelona, Basel / Mulhouse, Basra, Batumi, Beijing-Capital, Beirut, Belgrade, Benghazi, Berlin-Brandenburg 27 October 2013, Berlin-Tegel 26 October 2013, Bilbao, Billund, Birmingham, Bishkek, Bologna, Bremen, Brussels, Bucharest, Budapest, Cairo, Cape Town, Casablanca, Chicago-O ' Hare, Chişinău, Cologne / Bonn, Copenhagen, Dakar, Damascus, Dammam, Dar es Salaam, Delhi, Dhaka, Djibouti, Dnipropetrovsk, Doha, Donetsk, Dubai, Dublin, Dushanbe, Dusseldorf, Edinburgh, Entebbe, Erbil, Ercan, Frankfurt, Ganja, Geneva, Genoa, Gothenburg-Landvetter, Guangzhou, Hamburg, Hanover, Helsinki, Ho Chi Minh City, Hong Kong, Houston-Intercontinental 1 April 2013, Hurghada 17 October 2012, Islamabad, Jakarta-Soekarno-Hatta, Jeddah, Johannesburg, Kabul, Karachi, Kazan, Khartoum, Kiev-Boryspil, Kigali, Kinshasa, Kuwait, Lagos, Leipzig / Halle, Lisbon, Ljubljana, London-Gatwick, London-Heathrow, Los Angeles, Lyon, Madinah, Madrid, Málaga, Male 24 November 2012, Manchester, Mashhad, Milan-Malpensa, Minsk-National, Misurata, Mogadishu, Moscow-Vnukovo, Mosul, Mumbai, Munich, Muscat, Nairobi, Najaf, Nakhchivan, Naples, New York-JFK, Nice, Nouakchott, Novosibirsk, Nuremberg, Odessa, Osaka-Kansai, Osh, Oslo-Gardermoen, Paris-Charles de Gaulle, Podgorica, Prague, Pristina, Riga, Riyadh, Rome-Fiumicino, Rostov-on-Don, St Petersburg, Sabha 7 October 2012, Sana ' a, São Paulo-Guarulhos, Sarajevo, Seoul-Incheon, Shanghai-Pudong, Sharm el-Sheikh 9 October 2012, Shiraz, Simferopol, Singapore, Skopje, Sochi, Sofia, Stockholm-Arlanda, Stuttgart, Sulaymaniyah, Tabriz, Taif, Tashkent, Tbilisi, Tehran-Imam Khomeini, Tel Aviv-Ben Gurion, Thessaloniki, Tirana, Tokyo-Narita, Toronto-Pearson, Toulouse, Tripoli, Tunis, Turin, Ulaanbaatar, Valencia, Venice-Marco Polo, Vienna, Warsaw-Chopin, Washington-Dulles, Yanbu, Yekaterinburg, Zagreb, Zurich | 2

** The Second World War: Defence of Arras, Ypres-Comines Canal, Dunkirk 1940, Somme 1940, St. Valery-en-Caux, Saar, Breville, Odon, Fontenay le Pesnil, Defence of Rauray, Caen, Falaise, Falaise Road, La Vie Crossing, Le Havre, Lower Maas, Venlo Pocket, Ourthe, Rhineland, Reichswald, Goch, Rhine, North-West Europe 1940 ' 44-45, Barkasan, British Somaliland 1940, Tobruk 1941, Tobruk Sortie, El Alamein, Advance on Tripoli, Medenine, Zemlet el Lebene, Mareth, Akarit, Wadi Akarit East, Djebel Roumana, Medjez Plain, Si Mediene, Tunis, North Africa 1941-43, Landing in Sicily, Vizzini, Sferro, Gerbini, Adrano, Sferro Hills, Sicily 1943, Cassino II, Liri Valley, Advance to Florence, Monte Scalari, Casa Fortis, Rimini Line, Casa Fabbri Ridge, Savio Bridgehead, Italy 1944-45, Athens, Greece 1944-45, Crete, Heraklion, Middle East 1941, Chindits 1944, Burma 1944

* The Second World War: Villers Bocage, Bourguébus Ridge, Mont Pinçon, Jurques, Dives Crossing, La Vie Crossing, Lisieux, Le Touques Crossing, Risle Crossing, Roer, Rhine, Ibbenburen, Aller, North-West Europe 1944 – 45, Egyptian Frontier 1940, Withdrawal to Matruh, Bir Emba, Sidi Barrani, Buq Buq, Bardia 1941, Capture of Tobruk, Beda Fomm, Halfaya 1941, Sidi Suleiman, Tobruk 1941, Gubi I II, Gabr Saleh, Sidi Rezegh 1941, Taieb el Essem, Relief of Tobruk, Saunnu, Msus, Defence of Alamein Line, Alam el Halfa, El Alamein, Advance on Tripoli, Enfidaville, Tunis, North Africa 1940 – 43, Capture of Naples, Volturno Crossing, Italy 1943

Barbary corsairs and crews from the North African Ottoman provinces of Algiers, Tunis, Tripoli and the independent Sultanate of Morocco under the Alaouite Dynasty ( the Barbary Coast ) were the scourge of the Mediterranean.

Algiers and Tunis did not follow their ally in Tripoli.

The Second Barbary War ( 1815 ), also known as the Algerine or Algerian War, was the second of two wars fought between the United States and the Ottoman Empire's North African regencies of Tripoli, Tunis, and Algeria known collectively as the Barbary states.

In early 1816, Britain undertook a diplomatic mission, backed by a small squadron of ships of the line to Tunis, Tripoli, and Algiers to convince the Deys to stop their piracy and free the Christian slaves.

Over the following century, Algiers and Tunis became colonies of France in 1830 and 1881 respectively, while Tripoli returned to the control of the Ottoman Empire in 1835.

Only this archipelago and the possessions of Santa Cruz de la Mar Pequeña ( 1476 – 1524 ), Melilla ( conquered by Pedro de Estopiñán in 1497 ), Villa Cisneros ( founded in 1502 in current Western Sahara ), Mazalquivir ( 1505 ), Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera ( 1508 ), Oran ( 1509 – 1790 ), Algiers ( 1510 – 1529 ), Bugia ( 1510 – 1554 ), Tripoli ( 1511 – 1551 ), Tunis ( 1535 – 1569 ) and Ceuta ( ceded by Portugal in 1668 ) remained as Spanish territory in Africa.

Rommel had planned for this eventuality, switching his line of supply to Tunis and intending to block the southern approach to Tunisia from Tripoli by occupying an extensive set of defensive works known as the Mareth Line, which the French had constructed in order to fend off an Italian attack from Libya.

He conducted the negotiations with Tunis and Tripoli in 1685, and those with Morocco in 1687 ; and the zeal, tact and linguistic knowledge he manifested in these and other transactions with Eastern courts were at last rewarded in 1692 by his appointment to the Arabic chair in the Collège Royal de France, which he filled until his death.

More flights to North Africa were added in 1974 with the introduction of Tripoli, Tunis, Algiers and Casablanca.