Thus, to cite but one example, the Pax Britannica of the nineteenth century, whether with the British navy ruling the seas or with the City of London ruling world finance, was strictly national in motivation, however much other nations ( e.g., the United States ) may have incidentally benefited.

Antoninus in many ways was the ideal of the landed gentleman praised not only by ancient Romans, but also by later scholars of classical history, such as Edward Gibbon or the author of the article on Antoninus Pius in the ninth edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica:

According to the author of his biography in the Eleventh edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica: " Ambrose is interesting as typical of the new humanism which was growing up within the church.

The 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica 11th edition, thought the term was derived from the Spanish barrueco, a large, irregularly-shaped pearl, and it was for a time confined to the craft of the jeweller.

The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition remarks that " At the time it was framed the charter was considered extraordinarily liberal " and that " the government has always been largely non-sectarian in spirit.

The other main course in Smith's self-education was to read the 11th edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica through at least twice.

This was the explanation given in the ninth edition of Encyclopaedia Britannica, dated 1877.

There was a general reduction in the number of cavalry regiments in the British, French, Italian and other Western armies but it was still argued with conviction ( for example in the 1922 edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica ) that mounted troops had a major role to play in future warfare.

At a later period he was one of the leading contributors to the Encyclopædia Britannica ( seventh and eighth editions ) writing, among others, the articles on electricity, hydrodynamics, magnetism, microscope, optics, stereoscope, and voltaic electricity.

This format, a contrast to the Encyclopædia Britannica, was widely imitated by later 19th century encyclopedias in Britain, the United States, France, Spain, Italy and other countries.

In the 1929 edition of Encyclopedia Britannica he published what was then the most authoritative classification of Native American languages, and the first based on evidence from modern comparative linguistics.

In the first era ( 1st – 6th editions, 1768 – 1826 ), the Britannica was managed and published by its founders, Colin Macfarquhar and Andrew Bell, by Archibald Constable, and by others.

The Britannica was first published between 1768 and 1771 in Edinburgh as the Encyclopædia Britannica, or, A Dictionary of Arts and Sciences, compiled upon a New Plan.

During the second era ( 7th – 9th editions, 1827 – 1901 ), the Britannica was managed by the Edinburgh publishing firm, A & C Black.

The first English-born editor-in-chief was Thomas Spencer Baynes, who oversaw the production of the 9th edition ; dubbed the " Scholar's Edition ", the 9th is the most scholarly Britannica.

However, by the close of the 19th century, the 9th edition was outdated and the Britannica faced financial difficulties.

In the third era ( 10th – 14th editions, 1901 – 73 ), the Britannica was managed by American businessmen who introduced direct marketing and door-to-door sales.

When Hooper fell into financial difficulties, the Britannica was managed by Sears Roebuck for 18 years ( 1920 – 23, 1928 – 43 ).

In the fourth era ( 1974 – 94 ), the Britannica introduced its 15th edition, which was re-organised into three parts: the Micropædia, the Macropædia, and the Propædia.

In 1996, the Britannica was bought by Jacqui Safra at well below its estimated value, owing to the company's financial difficulties.

Among the clergy of post-Revolution days the most eminent are Bishop John Sage, a well-known patristic scholar ; Bishop Rattray, liturgiologist ; John Skinner, of Longside, author of Tullochgorum ; Bishop Gleig, editor of the 3rd edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica ; Dean Ramsay, author of Reminiscences of Scottish Life and Character ; Bishop AP Forbes ; GH Forbes, liturgiologist ; and Bishop Charles Wordsworth.

Andrew Bell ( 1726 – 1809 ) was a Scottish engraver and printer, who co-founded Encyclopædia Britannica with Colin Macfarquhar.

James Tytler ( 17 December 1745, Fearn, Angus-11 January 1804, Salem, Massachusetts ) was a Scottish apothecary and the editor of the second edition of Encyclopædia Britannica.

According to the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, at the turn of the 20th century, many of the local inhabitants were Scottish, which in part is reflected by the nearby placename, Brenton Loch.

Baynes was the first English-born editor of the Britannica ; all earlier editors were Scottish.

* James Thomson ( minister ) ( 1768 – 1855 ), Scottish editor of the Encyclopædia Britannica

Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc. is a Scottish founded, now American company best known for publishing the Encyclopædia Britannica, the world's oldest continuously published encyclopedia.

The Highland Light Infantry and Scottish Rifles of the British Army retained small shakos for full dress and the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica indicates that there were plans to reintroduce the shako as parade dress, for all English line infantry regiments-a project that was interrupted by the outbreak of World War I.

In December 1963, Scottish immigrant Norman Sutherland and soccer players in the Washington, D. C. area created the amateur team, Washington Britannica.

Few would dispute the verdict of James D. Forbes, an editor of the eighth edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica: " His scientific glory is different in kind from that of Young and Fresnel ; but the discoverer of the law of polarization of biaxial crystals, of optical mineralogy, and of double refraction by compression, will always occupy a foremost rank in the intellectual history of the age.

In 1932, the vice-president of Sears, Elkan Harrison Powell, assumed presidency of the Britannica ; in 1936, he began the policy of continuous revision.

Under Mortimer J. Adler ( member of the Board of Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica since its inception in 1949, and its chair from 1974 ; director of editorial planning for the 15th edition of Britannica from 1965 ), the Britannica sought not only to be a good reference work and educational tool but to systematise all human knowledge.

When Fat ' h Ali became the Shah of Persia in 1797, he was given a set of the Britannica's 3rd edition, which he read completely ; after this feat, he extended his royal title to include " Most Formidable Lord and Master of the Encyclopædia Britannica ".

The Britannica does not cover topics in equivalent detail ; for example, the whole of Buddhism and most other religions is covered in a single Macropædia article, whereas 14 articles are devoted to Christianity, comprising nearly half of all religion articles.

It is still difficult to keep the Britannica current ; one recent critic writes, " it is not difficult to find articles that are out-of-date or in need of revision ", noting that the longer Macropædia articles are more likely to be outdated than the shorter Micropædia articles.

" In March 2006, the Britannica wrote, " we in no way mean to imply that Britannica is error-free ; we have never made such a claim.

Information can be found in the Britannica by following the cross-references in the Micropædia and Macropædia ; however, these are sparse, averaging one cross-reference per page.

The Britannica generally prefers British spelling over American ; for example, it uses colour ( not color ), centre ( not center ), and encyclopaedia ( not encyclopedia ).

According to one Britannica website, 46 % of its articles were revised over the past three years ; however, according to another Britannica web-site, only 35 % of the articles were revised.

Rulers with identical names are organised first alphabetically by country and then by chronology ; thus, Charles III of France precedes Charles I of England, listed in Britannica as the ruler of Great Britain and Ireland.

Beginning in early 2007, the Britannica made articles freely available if they are hyperlinked from an external site ;

In 1997, Don Yannias, a long-time associate and investment advisor of Safra, became CEO of Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. A new company, Britannica. com Inc. was spun off in 1999 to develop the digital versions of the Britannica ; Yannias assumed the role of CEO in the new company, while that of Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. remained vacant for two years.

In the accuracy category, the Britannica received one " D " and seven " A " s, Encyclopedia Americana received eight " A " s, and Collier's received one " D " and seven " A " s ; thus, Britannica received an average score of 92 % for accuracy to Americanas 95 % and Collier's 92 %.

Collier's has not been in print since 1998 ; the Encyclopedia Americana was last published in 2006 and Britannica announced the discontinuation of its print editions in 2012.