A second theory deals with the Byzantine text-type.

Today, the Byzantine text-type is the subject of renewed interest as the original form of the text from which the Western and Alexandrian text-types were derived.

His Hellenic Jewish parents called him Joseph ( although the Byzantine text-type calls him, Iōsēs, ' Joses ', a Greek variant of ' Joseph '), but when he sold all his goods and gave the money to the apostles in Jerusalem, they gave him a new name: Barnabas.

Increasing standardization of distinct ( and once local ) text-types eventually gave rise to the Byzantine text-type.

Since most manuscripts of the New Testament do not derive from the first several centuries, that is, they were copied after the rise of the Byzantine text-type, this form of text is found the majority of extant manuscripts and is therefore often called the " Majority Text.

This text, based on a handful of manuscripts of the Byzantine text-type, was the basis for other translations from the Greek until the latter part of the 19th century.

Comparison of Jerome's Gospel texts with those in Old Latin witnesses, suggests that his revision was substantially concerned with redacting the expanded phraseology characteristic of the Western text-type, in accordance with Alexandrian, or possibly early Byzantine, witnesses.

* Byzantine text-type manuscripts

The Byzantine text-type ( also called Majority Text, Traditional Text, Ecclesiastical Text, Constantinopolitan Text, Antiocheian Text, or Syrian Text ) is one of several text-types used in textual criticism to describe the textual character of Greek New Testament manuscripts.

" The Byzantine text-type has by far the largest number of surviving manuscripts, many of them written in the newer minuscule ( lower case ) style and in Polytonic orthography handwriting, which had been invented in the 3rd century BC by Aristophanes of Byzantium but which took many centuries to catch on outside scholarly circles.

There are six manuscripts earlier than the 9th century which conform to the Byzantine text-type ; of which the 5th century Codex Alexandrinus, ( the oldest ), is Byzantine only in the Gospels with the rest of the New Testament being Alexandrian.

The earliest Church Father to witness to a Byzantine text-type in substantial New Testament quotations is John Chrysostom ( c. 349 — 407 ); although the fragmentary surviving works of Asterius the Sophist († 341 ) have also been considered to conform to the Byzantine text.

The end of the book of Acts ( folio 76r ) from the Codex Alexandrinus, which has a mostly Byzantine text-type during the Gospels and is largely Alexandrian throughout the rest of the New Testament

In later manuscripts ( from the 9th century onwards ), the Byzantine text-type became far more common and remains as the standard text in the Greek Orthodox church and also underlies most Protestant translations of the Reformation era.

Some modern translations break from strict adherence to the critical Alexandrian text and adopt some readings from the traditional Byzantine text-type and other textual traditions ; A small minority of modern translations still maintain a close adherence to the traditional text while noting major variants, namely, the New King James Version.

Although the overwhelming majority of later minuscule manuscripts conform to the Byzantine text-type ; detailed study has, from time to time, identified individual minuscules that transmit the alternative Alexandrian text.

Although based mainly on late manuscripts of the Byzantine text-type, Erasmus's edition differed markedly from the classic form of that text.

Erasmus adjusted the text in many places to correspond with readings found in the Vulgate, or as quoted in the Church Fathers ; consequently, although the Textus Receptus is classified by scholars as a late Byzantine text, it differs in nearly two thousand readings from the standard form of that text-type, as represented by the " Majority Text " of Hodges and Farstad ( Wallace 1989 ).

A significant minority of textual scholars, however, maintain the priority of the Byzantine text-type ; and consequently prefer the " Majority Text ".

The Textus Receptus was established on a basis of the Byzantine text-type, also called ' Majority text ', and usually is identified with it by its followers.

Daniel B. Wallace enumerated that in 1, 838 places ( 1005 are translatable ) Textus Receptus differs from the Byzantine text-type.

* Byzantine text-type

A little later the district attorney woke up, emerged from under the couch, looked at his watch, and realized he had an engagement that very hour to address a meeting of the Culture Forum on `` The Civic Spirit of the Southland '', in the Byzantine room of the hotel where his wife, as president of the forum, was to preside.

Konstantinos Porphyrogennetos, the fourth emperor of the Macedonian dynasty of the Byzantine Empire in the 9th century AD, referred to Asia Minor as East thema, " ανατολικόν θέμα " ( from the Greek words anatoli: east, thema: administrative division ), placing this region to the East of Byzantium, while Europe was lying to the West.

The Aegean Sea was later invaded by the Persians and the Romans, and inhabited by the Byzantine Empire, the Bulgarians, the Venetians, the Genoeses, the Seljuq Turks, and the Ottoman Empire.

In the Byzantine Empire, Anatolikon called also Theme of the Anatolics ( ανατολικόν θέμα ) was a theme covering the western and central parts of Turkey's present-day Central Anatolian Region.

In the Byzantine Empire, Anatolikon called also Theme of the Anatolics ( ανατολικόν θέμα ) was a theme covering the western and central parts of Turkey's present-day Central Anatolian Region.

Byzantine control was challenged by Arab raids starting in the 7th century ( see Byzantine – Arab Wars ), but in the 9th and 10th century a resurgent Byzantine Empire regained its lost territories and even expanded beyond its traditional borders, into Armenia and Syria ( ancient Aram ).

Control of Anatolia was then split between the Byzantine Empire and the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm, with the Byzantine holdings gradually being reduced.

Among the Turkmen leaders the Ottomans emerged as great power under Osman and his son Orhan I. Smyrna was conquered in 1330 AD, and the last Byzantine possession, Philadélphia ( modern Alaşehir ), fell in 1390 AD.

The family was Byzantine Catholic and attended St. John Chrysostom Byzantine Catholic Church.

While the Byzantine Empire was to continue for nearly another four centuries, and the Crusades would contest the issue for some time, the victory at Manzikert signalled the beginning of Turkish ascendancy in Anatolia.

There also is no mention of Troy, which was not far from Constantinople, capital of the Byzantine empire and militarily beyond the reach of the Vikings.

Carved in high relief from a single piece of agate, this extraordinary vase was most likely created in an imperial workshop for a Byzantine emperor.

Like his father, Alboin was raised a pagan, although Audoin had at one point attempted to gain Byzantine support against his neighbours by professing himself a Catholic.

The new Frankish alliance was important because of the Franks ' known hostility to the Byzantine empire, providing the Lombards with more than one option.

Many fragments were supplied in quotes by Athenaeus, principally on the subject of wine-drinking, but fr. 333, " wine, window into a man ", was quoted much later by the Byzantine grammarian, John Tzetzes.

Alexios I Komnenos, Latinized as Alexius I Comnenus (, 1056 – 15 August 1118 — note that some sources list his date of birth as 1048 ), was Byzantine emperor from 1081 to 1118, and although he was not the founder of the Komnenian dynasty, it was during his reign that the Komnenos family came to full power.

Inheriting a collapsing empire and faced with constant warfare during his reign against both the Seljuq Turks in Asia Minor and the Normans in the western Balkans, Alexios was able to halt the Byzantine decline and begin the military, financial, and territorial recovery known as the Komnenian restoration.

While the Byzantine troops were assembling for the expedition, Alexios was approached by the Doukas faction at court, who convinced him to join a conspiracy against Nikephoros III.

Henry's allegiance was to be the last example of Byzantine political control on peninsular Italy.