The general Amiga architecture uses two distinct bus subsystems, namely, the chipset bus and the CPU bus.

The chipset bus allows the custom coprocessors and CPU to address " Chip RAM ".

When the system is idle, the CPU clocks itself down via lower bus multiplier and selects a lower voltage.

CPU, Magnetic core memory | core memory, and external bus interface of a DEC PDP-8 / I.

The bus connecting the CPU and memory is one of the defining characteristics of the system, and often referred to simply as the system bus.

Internal bus, also known as internal data bus, memory bus or system bus or front-Side-Bus, connects all the internal components of a computer, such as CPU and memory, to the motherboard.

Generally, the channel controllers would do their best to run all of the bus operations internally, moving data when the CPU was known to be busy elsewhere if possible, and only using interrupts when necessary.

Early microcomputer bus systems were essentially a passive backplane connected directly or through buffer amplifiers to the pins of the CPU.

Memory and other devices would be added to the bus using the same address and data pins as the CPU itself used, connected in parallel.

This technical leadership and the rivalry with IBM was emphasized when the Systempro server was launched in late 1989-this was a true server product with standard support for a second CPU and RAID, but also the first product to feature the EISA bus, designed in reaction to IBM's MCA ( MicroChannel Architecture ).

EISA extends the AT bus, which the Gang of Nine retroactively renamed to the ISA bus to avoid infringing IBM's trademark on its PC / AT computer, to 32 bits and allows more than one CPU to share the bus.

IBM designed the 8-bit version as a buffered interface to the external bus of the Intel 8088 ( 16 / 8 bit ) CPU used in the original IBM PC and PC / XT, and the 16-bit version as an upgrade for the external bus of the Intel 80286 CPU used in the IBM AT.

Therefore, the ISA bus was synchronous with the CPU clock, until sophisticated buffering methods were developed and implemented by chipsets to interface ISA to much faster CPUs.

A motherboard ( sometimes alternatively known as the mainboard, system board, planar board or logic board ) is a printed circuit board ( PCB ) found in all modern computers which holds many of the crucial components of the system, such as the central processing unit ( CPU ) and memory, and provides connectors for other peripherals.

An important component of a motherboard is the microprocessor's supporting chipset, which provides the supporting interfaces between the CPU and the various buses and external components.

A CPU socket provides many functions, including a physical structure to support the CPU, support for a heat sink, facilitating replacement ( as well as reducing cost ), and most importantly, forming an electrical interface both with the CPU and the PCB.

Each microinstruction in a microprogram provides the bits which control the functional elements that internally compose a CPU.

Myrinet has much lower protocol overhead than standards such as Ethernet, and therefore provides better throughput, less interference, and lower latency while using the host CPU.

If the hardware provides multiple rings or CPU modes, the microkernel is the only software executing at the most privileged level ( generally referred to as supervisor or kernel mode ).

The CPU simulator provides a number of extra features to the hacker, such as the ability to single-step through each processor instruction and to examine the CPU registers and modified memory spaces as the simulation runs.

Another modification provides a pathway between the instruction memory ( such as ROM or flash ) and the CPU to allow words from the instruction memory to be treated as read-only data.

The 8051 architecture provides many functions ( CPU, RAM, ROM, I / O, interrupt logic, timer, etc.

The book provides an overview of the philosophy, architecture and software for the Connection Machine, including data routing between CPU nodes, memory handling, Lisp programming for parallel machines, etc.

As they are right there in the middle it provides most relevant CPU temperature readings.

The interrupt controller provides a mechanism for attached devices to get attention from the CPU.

The Processor is an independent CPU ( with a different instruction set from the Computers ) and provides control for 12 to 24 Magnetic drum storage units, four to forty UNISERVO II tape drives, two Electronic page recorders, one or two High-speed printers, and a High-speed punched card reader.

A CPU socket or CPU slot is a mechanical component that provides mechanical and electrical connections between a microprocessor and a printed circuit board ( PCB ).

A piece of software provides access to computer resources ( such as memory, CPU, storage, etc.

The 32-bit PAE desktop kernel ( linux-image-generic-pae ) in Ubuntu 9. 10 and later, also provides the PAE mode needed for hardware with the NX CPU feature.

ICE operates on eight 16-bit or sixteen 8-bit integers, but still provides a significant amount of computational power which enables the O2 to do video decoding and audio tasks that would require a much faster CPU if done without SIMD instructions.

Architecturally this provides the ultimate ( at least ) host-based intrusion detection, as depends on hardware external to the CPU itself, thus making it that much harder for an intruder to corrupt its object and checksum databases.

Segmentation in the Intel 80286 and later provides protection: with the introduction of the 80286, Intel retroactively named the sole operating mode of the previous x86 CPU models " real mode " and introduced a new " protected mode " with protection features.

It was essentially a continuation of the System 21 hardware design, where the main CPU provides a scene description to a bank of DSP chips which perform all necessary 3D calculations.

This is a very simple view of CPU address space, and many designs use more complex addressing methods like paging to locate more memory than their integer range would allow with a flat address space.

* Reduced instruction set computing, a CPU design philosophy that favors an instruction set reduced both in size and complexity of addressing modes, in order to enable easier implementation, greater instruction level parallelism, and more efficient compilers

This suggests that, to reduce the number of memory accesses, a fixed length machine could store constants in unused bits of the instruction word itself, so that they would be immediately ready when the CPU needs them ( much like immediate addressing in a conventional design ).

A modern x86 CPU may use more than 4 GB of memory, utilizing PAE, a 36-bit addressing mode, or the native 64-bit mode of x86-64 CPUs.

This exploited the greater memory addressing capability of the new CPU to provide a more flexible multi-tasking environment.

Cross platform software would often rely on fallback CPU implementions of bitblit algorithms, which made good use the 68000's large 32bit register file, movem instructions, and postincrement addressing modes.

The HP-48 series ' Saturn microprocessor is a hybrid 64-bit / 20-bit CPU hardware-wise but acts like a 4-bit processor in that it presents nibble-based data to programs and uses a nibble-based addressing system.

Flat memory model or linear memory model refers to a memory addressing paradigm in low-level software design such that the CPU can directly ( and sequentially / linearly ) address all of the available memory locations without having to resort to any sort of memory segmentation or paging schemes.

A separate addressing space means that the CPU has to write a two-byte command word to the VDC's control port to set the address register, but it also means that the VDC doesn't slow the main processor down when it reads data out of its memory, and since the memory is not mapped onto the CPU's addressing space, there is more address space available for other memory and memory-mapped hardware.

Conditional branches load the PC with one of 2 possible results, depending on the condition — most CPU architectures use some other addressing mode for the " taken " branch, and sequential execution for the " not taken " branch.

The Motorola 6809, a very advanced 8-bits CPU designed in 1978, also supports this addressing mode.

In early computers, including the PDP-8, the zero page had a special fast addressing mode, which facilitated its use for temporary storage of data and compensated for the relative shortage of CPU registers.

Zero page addressing now has mostly historical significance, since the developments in integrated circuit technology have made adding more registers to a CPU less expensive and CPU operations much faster than RAM accesses.