* Intel 8051 ( 1980 Harvard architecture microcontroller )

The Intel MCS-51 ( commonly referred to as 8051 ) is a Harvard architecture, single chip microcontroller ( µC ) series which was developed by Intel in 1980 for use in embedded systems .< ref > John Wharton: An Introduction to the Intel MCS-51 < sup > TM </ sup > Single-Chip Microcomputer Family, Application Note AP-69, May 1980, Intel Corporation .</ ref >< ref > John Wharton: Using the Intel MCS-51 < sup > TM </ sup > Boolean Processing Capabilities, Application Note AP-70, May 1980, Intel Corporation .</ ref > Intel's original versions were popular in the 1980s and early 1990s.

Because IRAM, XRAM, and PMEM ( read only ) all have an address 0, C compilers for the 8051 architecture provide compiler-specific pragmas or other extensions to indicate where a particular piece of data should be stored ( i. e. constants in PMEM or variables needing fast access in IRAM ).

Because the 8051 is an accumulator-based architecture, all arithmetic operations must use the accumulator, e. g. ADD A, 020h will add the value in memory location 0x20 in the internal RAM to the accumulator.

The most common variants are LH 2. 2, which uses an Intel 8049 ( MCS-48 ) microcontroller, and usually a 4 kB programme memory, and LH 2. 4, which uses a Siemens 80535 microcontroller ( a variant of Intel's 8051 / MCS-51 architecture ) and 32 kB programme memory based on the 27C256 chip.

Historically almost all early computers were accumulator machines ; and many microcontrollers still popular as of 2010 ( such as the 68HC12, the PICmicro, the 8051 and several others ) are basically accumulator machines.

In many engineering schools the 8051 microcontroller is used in introductory microcontroller courses.

This same feature was used to emulate the 8051 keyboard controller, serial port and numerous other I / O functions.

The embedded CPU family with the largest number of total units shipped is the 8051, averaging nearly a billion units per year.

One particularly useful feature of the 8051 core was the inclusion of a boolean processing engine which allows bit-level boolean logic operations to be carried out directly and efficiently on select internal registers and select RAM locations.

With a single instruction the 8051 can switch register banks as opposed to the time consuming task of transferring the critical registers to the stack or designated RAM locations.

Features of the modern 8051 include built-in reset timers with brown-out detection, on-chip oscillators, self-programmable Flash ROM program memory, built-in external RAM, extra internal program storage, bootloader code in ROM, EEPROM non-volatile data storage, I²C, SPI, and USB host interfaces, CAN or LIN bus, PWM generators, analog comparators, A / D and D / A converters, RTCs, extra counters and timers, in-circuit debugging facilities, more interrupt sources, and extra power saving modes.

The 8052 was an enhanced version of the original 8051 that featured 256 bytes of internal RAM instead of 128 bytes, 8 KB of ROM instead of 4 KB, and a third 16-bit timer.

The 8031 was a cut down version of the original Intel 8051 that did not contain any internal program memory ( ROM ).

An 8051 chip could be sold as a ROM-less 8031, as the 8051's internal ROM is disabled by the normal state of the EA pin in an 8031-based design.

A vendor might sell an 8051 as an 8031 for any number of reasons, such as faulty code in the 8051's ROM, or simply an oversupply of 8051's and undersupply of 8031's.

A long but still not exhaustive list of common architectures are: 65816, 65C02, 68HC08, 68HC11, 68k, 78K0R / 78K0, 8051, ARM, AVR, AVR32, Blackfin, C167, Coldfire, COP8, Cortus APS3, eZ8, eZ80, FR-V, H8, HT48, M16C, M32C, MIPS, MSP430, PIC, PowerPC, R8C, RL78, SHARC, SPARC, ST6, SuperH, TLCS-47, TLCS-870, TLCS-900, TriCore, V850, x86, XE8000, Z80, AsAP and others.

Other high level languages such as Forth, BASIC, Pascal / Object Pascal, PL / M and Modula-2 are available for the 8051, but they are less widely used than C and assembly.

* Verrucous squamous cell carcinoma ( Code 8051 / 3 )

PL / M compilers have been made for the following processors / controllers: Intel 4004, 8008, 8080, 8085, 8051, 8052, 8096, 80196, 8086 / 8088, 80186 / 80188, 286, and 386.

** Intel 51 series: 8051 / 80251b / 80251s / 80930b / 80930s

The card is based on an 8051 processor with 3DES / AES crypto accelerator, making very fast transactions possible.

* IEEE: The college has an IEEE Student wing. The IEEE-MSRIT celebrates its tech fest Aavishkaar each year Various competitions such as Algomach ( On Spot Programming ), Design and Debugging ( Circuit debugging ), Robotics, Cyber Treasure Hunt ( CTH ), Paper Presentation, Gaming, Tech Quiz, Product Design, 8086 / 8051 Programming, Amazing Race, Photoshop Contest are held along with Workshops.

The silicon cost of an 8051 is now as low as US $ 0. 001, because some implementations use as few as 2, 200 logic gates and take 0. 0127 square millimeters of silicon.

The 8051 microcontroller has two, a primary accumulator and a secondary accumulator, where the second is used by instructions only when multiplying ( MUL AB ) or dividing ( DIV AB ); the former splits the 16-bit result between the two 8-bit accumulators, whereas the latter stores the quotient on the primary accumulator A and the remainder in the secondary accumulator B.

The 8051 is widely used because it is very inexpensive.

Many microcontrollers are so quirky that they effectively require their own non-standard dialects of C, such as SDCC for the 8051, which prevent using standard tools ( such as code libraries or static analysis tools ) even for code unrelated to hardware features.

51-FORTH is an implementation of the Forth programming language for the Intel 8051 microcontroller.

These registers also allowed the 8051 to quickly perform a context switch which is essential for time sensitive real-time applications.

The original 8051 core ran at 12 clock cycles per machine cycle, with most instructions executing in one or two machine cycles.

With a 12 MHz clock frequency, the 8051 could thus execute 1 million one-cycle instructions per second or 500, 000 two-cycle instructions per second.

Enhanced 8051 cores are now commonly used which run at six, four, two, or even one clock per machine cycle, and have clock frequencies of up to 100 MHz, and are thus capable of an even greater number of instructions per second.

Program memory is read-only, though some variants of the 8051 use on-chip flash memory and provide a method of re-programming the memory in-system or in-application.

Many variants of the 8051 include the standard 256 bytes of IRAM plus a few KB of XRAM on the chip.

There are various high-level programming language compilers for the 8051.

Several C compilers are available for the 8051, most of which feature extensions that allow the programmer to specify where each variable should be stored in its six types of memory, and provide access to 8051 specific hardware features such as the multiple register banks and bit manipulation instructions.

N-tier application architecture provides a model by which developers can create flexible and reusable applications.

The MIPS architecture provides a specific example for a machine code whose instructions are always 32 bits long.

The article on PDP-11 architecture provides more details on interrupts.

This open architecture provides considerable flexibility, allowing SSH to be used for a variety of purposes beyond a secure shell.

The GIOP architecture provides several concrete protocols, including:

From a purist perspective, SELinux provides a hybrid of concepts and capabilities drawn from mandatory access controls, mandatory integrity controls, role-based access control ( RBAC ), and type enforcement architecture.

The architecture of the interpreter internally is object oriented and provides a clean and well documented interface to embed the interpreter into any application written in C or C ++.

* Lossless and lossy compression: Like Lossless JPEG, the JPEG 2000 standard provides both lossless and lossy compression in a single compression architecture.

The JTAG test architecture provides a means to test interconnects between integrated circuits on a board without using physical test probes.

The book provides an overview of the philosophy, architecture and software for the Connection Machine, including data routing between CPU nodes, memory handling, Lisp programming for parallel machines, etc.

The hardware architecture also provides semaphore instructions INCT ( increment-and-test ) and TDEC ( test-and-decrement ).

The Glendower State Memorial, erected between 1836 and 1840, provides a classic example of residential Greek Revival architecture and a natural setting for many elegant Empire and Victorian furnishings from Warren County's past.

DB2 pureScale provides a fault-tolerant architecture and shared-disk storage.

In computer networking, the transport layer or layer 4 provides end-to-end communication services for applications within a layered architecture of network components and protocols.

He provides brief overviews and examples of NSF's support of research in theoretical computer science, computer architecture, numerical methods, and software engineering, and the development of networking.

It is an ISO-ratified standard that provides a system for the storage, retrieval and playback of real-time graphics content embedded in applications, all within an open architecture to support a wide array of domains and user scenarios.

The x86 architecture provided segmentation rather than paging in the 80286, and provides both paging and segmentation in the 80386 and later processors ( although the use of segmentation is not available in 64-bit operation ).

* Architectural Oversight: The IAB provides oversight of, and occasional commentary on, aspects of the architecture for the network protocols and procedures used by the Internet.

In computer science, a low-level programming language is a programming language that provides little or no abstraction from a computer's instruction set architecture.

Note that besides eliminating branches, less code is needed in total, provided the architecture provides predicated instructions.

Petrie's published report of this triangulation survey, and his analysis of the architecture of Giza therein, was exemplary in its methodology and accuracy, and still provides much of the basic data regarding the pyramid plateau to this day.

In order to practice the idea of simplicity, Ando ’ s architecture is mostly constructed with concrete, which provides his architecture a sense of cleanness and weightiness at the same time.

Presently, a firm that is nominally an " architecture " or " construction management " firm may have experts from all related fields as employees, or to have an associated company that provides each necessary skill.