The powers exercised by the Cambro-Norman barons and the Old English nobility waned over time.

With the arrival of Cambro-Norman knights in 1169, the Norman invasion of Ireland commenced.

Cambro-Norman control was initially limited to the south-eastern parts of Ireland so a further four centuries were to elapse before the entire island was shired.

Large parts in the south east of the island had been shired by the Cambro-Norman overlords by the end of the 13th century.

Rhys benefited from the Norman invasion of Ireland in 1169 and 1170, which was largely led by the Cambro-Norman lords of south Wales.

This process of evolving conquest that had been underway since the Norman invasion of Ireland, particularly as advanced by the Cambro-Norman magnates Hugh de Lacy and John de Courcy.

* Giraldus Cambrensis Cambro-Norman clergyman and chronicler ( b. 1146 )

* Cambro-Norman Knight, and vassal of Henry II of England, Richard fitzGilbert de Clare makes an alliance with exiled Irish chief Dermot MacMurrough, to help him regain the throne of Leinster.

In 1188, Cambro-Norman chronicler Gerald of Wales wrote, " Ireland uses and delights in two instruments only, the harp namely, and the tympanum.

As various Cambro-Norman noble families died out in the male line, the Gaelic nobility began to reclaim lost territory.

By the 1390s the Lordship had effectively shrunk to the Pale with the rest of the island under the control of independent Gaelic-Irish or rebel Cambro-Norman noble families.

For the duration of the 15th century, royal power in Ireland was weak, the country being dominated by the various clans and dynasties of Gaelic ( O ' Neill, O ' Brien, MacCarthy ) or Cambro-Norman ( Burke, FitzGerald, Butler ) origin.

Maurice was the founder of the Cambro-Norman FitzGerald dynasty in Ireland.

He was a Cambro-Norman lord notable for his leading role in the Norman invasion of Ireland.

These celebrated Hiberno-Norman, or Cambro-Norman, families have been Peers of Ireland since at least the 14th century.

The town remained as an island until the 18th century, when small rivers were diverted to form dry land north and west of the town. The earliest known records of a settlement are dated to 1247, when a charter of 3 fairs per year was awarded to Matthew Fitzgriffin, Lord of the manor of Carrick who was a member of the Cambro-Norman nobility.

In 1575, the Cambro-Norman castle that they built, then called the castle of Ballymartyr, was attacked by the Sir Henry Sidney, the Lord Deputy, who captured the castle.

Among the most celebrated families of Ireland, the FitzGeralds are a Hiberno-Norman or Cambro-Norman dynasty, and have been Peers of Ireland since at least the 14th century.

The progenitor of the Irish Geraldines was a Cambro-Norman Marcher Lord, Maurice FitzGerald, Lord of Lanstephan, a female line descendant of the Welsh royal House of Dinefwr, and a participant in the 1169 Norman invasion of Ireland.

All four parishes were combined into the barony of Moycullen ( distinct from the parish ) soon after the Cambro-Norman invasion.

It may also refer to the Cambro-Norman De Barry family.

Another O ' Neachtain Sept of the Ui Maine who were chiefs of Máenmaige, the plain lying around Loughrea in Galway, until the Cambro-Norman invasion.

Robert Fitz-Stephen ( c. 1120 – 1183 ) was a Cambro-Norman soldier, one of the leaders of the Norman invasion of Ireland, for which he was granted extensive lands in Ireland.

The prisoners also included two other counts, Ferrand and William Longsword, twenty-five barons and over a hundred knights.

Nonetheless, when John left for Poitou in February 1214, many barons refused to provide military service ; mercenary knights had to fill the gaps.

The first section enacts that no tallage for aid shall be imposed or levied by the king and his heirs without the will and assent of the archbishops, bishops, and other prelates, the earls, barons, knights, burgesses, and other freemen in the kingdom.

The requirement of attending Parliament was at once a liability and a privilege for those who held land as a tenant-in-chief of the king per baroniam, that is to say under the feudal contract of being one of the king's barons, responsible for raising knights and troops for the royal feudal army.

In March 1219 he realised that he was dying, so he summoned his eldest son, also William, and his household knights, and left the Tower of London for his estate at Caversham in Berkshire, near Reading, where he called a meeting of the barons, Henry III, the papal legate Pandulf Masca, the royal justiciar ( Hubert de Burgh ), and Peter des Roches ( Bishop of Winchester and the young King's guardian ).

Sir Thomas de la More, describing the Battle of Battenberg ( 1321 ), mentioned that baronets took part, along with barons and knights.

Serfs had a specific place in feudal society, as did barons and knights: in return for protection, a serf would reside upon and work a parcel of land within the manor of his lord.

The so-called " Model Parliament " included bishops, abbots, earls, barons, and two knights from each shire and two burgesses from each borough amongst it members.

A dispute in December 1197, over Richard's demand that the magnates of England provide 300 knights to serve in France, led to renewed grumbling among the clergy and barons.

The fundamental social cleavage in the Middle Ages was between the nobiles, i. e., the tenants in chivalry, whether earls, barons, knights, esquires or franklins, and the ignobiles, i. e., the villeins, citizens and burgesses ; and between the most powerful noble and the humblest franklin there was, until the 15th century, no " separate class of gentlemen ".

In Ancient Rome, they were generals and warlords of the Empire, and in the Dark Ages, they were knights and barons, leading crusades and conquests.

In this process, king's thegns became barons, and thegns appear to have been merged in the class of knights.

The barons stood with the remaining dismounted knights at the centre of the line around the standard.

The archbishops, bishops, abbots, earls and barons were summoned, as were two knights from each shire and two burgesses from each borough.

In that era, property, including forests, were owned by the landed barons and knights.

:" in company with the prelates, barons, and magnates of our kingdom, whom we invite to participate with us in this party, by reason of the sign and effigy of our pure inclination and intention to crush the pernicious deeds of the same perfidious Enemy, and of the followers of the ancient Dragon, and ( as one would expect ) of the pagan knights, schismatics, and other nations of the Orthodox faith, and those envious of the Cross of Christ, and of our kingdoms, and of his holy and saving religion of faith, under the banner of the triumphant Cross of Christ ..."

In January 1215 William Marshall ( who is buried in the nave next to his sons, under one of the 9 marble effigies of medieval knights there ) served as a negotiator during a meeting in the Temple between King John and the barons, who demanded that John uphold the rights enshrined in the Coronation Charter of his predecessor Richard I. William swore on behalf of the king that the grievances of the barons would be addressed in the summer, leading to John's signing of Magna Carta in June.

The title Freiherr derives from the fact that the holder held free ( allodial ) title to his land, unlike ordinary barons, who were originally knights ( Ritter ) in vassalage to a higher lord or sovereign, and unlike medieval German ministerials who were bound to provide administrative services for a lord.

In 1254, the lesser barons ceased to attend the Council, instead being represented by knights, two of whom were chosen by each shire.

In 1295, the Model Parliament was called ; the greater barons and prelates were summoned individually, while each shire elected two knights and each sufficiently populous city elected two burgesses.

The prelates and barons eventually formed the House of Lords, while the knights and burgesses became the House of Commons.

Below the younger sons of barons are baronets, knights, circuit judges and companions of the various orders of Chivalry, followed by the eldest sons of younger sons of peers.

Bracton ranks the magnates seu valvassores between barons and knights ; for him they are " men of great dignity ," and in this order they are found in a charter of Henry II of England ( 1166 ).