By the 1390s, actions on the Case were common.

By the 1390s silver was in short supply all over Europe, except in Venice.

By the 18th century there was a square at the centre of the town, flanked by the town hall, a public gaol housing prisoners from all over the Lordship of Biscay, a hospital and a poor-house for local people.

By the time of Ruairi's death in 1198, King Henry II of England had invaded Ireland and given the part of it he controlled to his son John as a Lordship when John was just 10.

By the 1760s the English, both at home and in the American colonies, applied the term “ cracker ” to Scots-Irish and English American settlers of the remote southern back country, as noted in a passage from a letter to the Earl of Dartmouth: " I should explain to your Lordship what is meant by Crackers ; a name they have got from being great boasters ; they are a lawless set of rascalls on the frontiers of Virginia, Maryland, the Carolinas, and Georgia, who often change their places of abode.

By 1500 the area directly controlled by the Lordship had reduced to the Pale.

By the latter part of the eighteenth century, Hodgson reported that there was a burial ground in the area and the sale of the Lordship by the Howards had resulted in the construction of some farms in the area, such as Catcleugh and Byrness.

By the 15th century the Lordship was in the hands of Alexander Stewart, Duke of Albany etc., ( d. 1485 ).

By the Peace of Ath ( 1357 ) he gained the Lordship of Mechelen and the city of Antwerp.

By failing to do as he was told instantly -- to take out a permit or return the gun to his car -- he had played into Lord's hands.

By 1898, rustling losses had been driven down to the lowest level ever seen in Wyoming.

By the death of his father in 1888 he had come into possession of the family estate and had re-assumed its traditions.

By the time Lilian had been graduated from public school, her parents were doing quite well.

) By the time the streetcar pulled away, he had fallen in love with Paula.

By this time she had learned that it was futile to argue with her young husband, yet the uncomfortable fact remained: the American Congregationalists were sending them as missionaries to the Far East and paying their salaries.

By the age of six young Johnny indicated that he had the call.

By September 1940 the Suite had developed into a collection of six songs, `` four spirituals, a dream, and a lullaby ''.

By now he had become Regius Professor of Modern History at Cambridge and had been honored by the award of the Order of Merit.

By both standards Thomas had the right to be proud.

By June 19, 1788, he had presented himself to its Commander in Chief, the Governor of the Southern Provinces, the Director of the War College -- The Prince.

By 1783 her legions had managed to annex the Crimea amid scenes of wanton cruelty and now, in this second combat with the Crescent, were aiming at suzerainty over all of the Black Sea's northern shoreline.

By this time word had got around that an American doctor was on the premises.

By this time Woodruff had accurately measured Pike as a man of great personal pride, a man who would fly into a towering rage if his integrity were questioned, and who would be anxious to avenge himself.

By 1834 the art of oratory had reached a very high level in the United States as a literary form.

By the time he was under the covers he had forgotten about seeing Kate.

By 1937 he had clarified his intentions to serve his people: `` I have striven for clarity and melodious idiom, but at the same time I have by no means attempted to restrict myself to the accepted methods of harmony and melody.

By the time the film was released we were three million dollars over-spent, war was imminent and the public apparently had forgotten all about Mother Cabrini.

By this time Churchill was not so cordial toward moving Poland westward as he had been at Teheran, where he and Eden had both heartily approved the idea.

By December, 1958, when ' Abdallah Ibrahim became President of the Council, elections had even greater importance.

By 800 social and cultural security had been achieved, at least on a simple plane ; ;

By this time large numbers of the audience had left the hall.

By stripping it of its powers over temples, Augustus effectively destroyed the office, by taking from it its original function.

By the mid-20th century, the number of examples of people skipping stages, such as going from hunter-gatherers to post-industrial service occupations in one generation, were so numerous that 19th-century evolutionism was effectively disproved.

To establish that a function is computable by Turing machine, it is usually considered sufficient to give an informal English description of how the function can be effectively computed, and then conclude " By the Church – Turing thesis " that the function is Turing computable ( equivalently partial recursive ).

By externalizing such functionality to the DBMS, applications effectively share code with each other and are relieved of much internal complexity.

By 410, Britain was effectively told to look after its own affairs and expect no aid from Rome.

By the time of Honorius ’ s death in 423, Britain, Spain and large parts of Gaul had effectively passed into barbarian control.

By 1952, at the age of 55, Capra effectively retired from Hollywood filmmaking and spent his later years working with Caltech, his alma mater, to produce educational films on science topics.

By 790, Offa controlled Hastings effectively enough to confirm grants of land in Hastings to the Abbey of St Denis, in Paris.

By 1944 the UAP had effectively disintegrated and in 1945 Menzies formally established a new political party, the Liberal Party of Australia, and forged an enduring coalition with the Country Party.

By July 1945, Stalin's troops effectively controlled the Baltic States, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria and Romania, and refugees were fleeing out of these countries fearing a Communist take-over.

By the first half of the 18th century, the Authorized Version was effectively unchallenged as the English translation used in Anglican and Protestant churches.

By the 1840s, the ACS was effectively bankrupt ; Liberia had become a financial burden for it.

By 2000s ( decade ), the VAZ designation was dropped from market names in favour of Lada and simplified export naming conventions were adopted, so VAZ-2104 effectively became Lada 2104, VAZ-2110 became Lada 110, VAZ-2114 became Lada Samara hatchback or Lada 114 and so on, though model indices continue to be used in both technical and marketing materials.

By placing this thought in his mind, they effectively guide him on the path to his own destruction.

By not heeling, instruments that require a level platform work more effectively ( e. g. radar ).

By using PHP, transit routers connected directly to this egress router effectively offload it, by popping the last label themselves.

By July, the Red Army effectively controlled the Baltic States, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria and Romania, and refugees were fleeing out of these countries fearing a Communist take-over.

By September, Porsche owned a 35. 14 % plurality stake in Volkswagen AG, effectively giving it control over the company.

By bidding up the price of housing, many white neighborhoods effectively shut out blacks, because blacks are unwilling, or unable, to pay the premium to buy entry into these expensive neighborhoods.

By an offshore drilling contractor effectively applying HSE Management in its organization, it can optimize risk to achieve levels of residual risk that are tolerable.

By the 4th century, the pilum had effectively disappeared from common use.

By dealing early, cooperatively, and effectively with the challenges of industrialization and its impact on Swedish social, political, and economic structures, Swedish social democrats were able to create one of the most successful social democratic systems in the world, including both a welfare state and extensive protections of civil liberties.

By 1848, Edward Hay Drummond Hay, the President of the British Virgin Islands, reported that: " there are now no properties in the Virgin Islands whose holders are not embarrassed for want of capital or credit sufficient to enable them to carry on the simplest method of cultivation effectively.

By 1962, while Zhou, Liu and Deng managed affairs of state and the economy, Mao had effectively withdrawn from economic decision-making, and focused much of his time on further contemplating his contributions to Marxist-Leninist social theory, including the idea of " continuous revolution ".

By 1325, Isabella's marriage to Edward II was effectively over, and she was facing increasing pressure from Hugh Despenser the younger, Edward's new royal favourite.