They founded a new secret society called the Young Italy in which many members would be channeled to the Carbonari, whole without supporters, practically ceased to exist, although the official history of this important company had continued wearily until 1848.

" In a regime that saw the division of the population into Carbonari and Sanfedisti, he hunted down the Carbonari and the Freemasons with their liberal sympathisers.

Carbonari, to achieve their purpose, were ready to commit assassinations and armed revolts.

Faced with an enemy overwhelmingly superior in number, the Carbonari revolts collapsed and their leaders fled into exile.

The Carbonari passed for the first time from words to action in 1820 in Naples by organizing anti-absolutist and liberal constitution riots that took inspiration from the one made at Cadiz on 1 January of the same year: the two officers Michele Morelli and Joseph Silvati ( which had the membership of former General Murat, as Guglielmo Pepe ) on July 1, marched towards the town of Nola in Campania at the head of their regiments of cavalry.

Carbonari were also to be found in Spain, but their numbers and importance were more limited than in the other Romance countries.

When the Neapolitan revolution had been effected, the Carbonari emerged from their mystery, published their constitution statutes, and ceased to conceal their patents and their cards of membership.

The Carbonari were anti-clerical in both their philosophy and programme.

Like other European revolutionary societies, such as the Carbonari of the Italian Risorgimento, the Young Turks had their origins in secret societies of " progressive medical university students and military cadets ", driven underground along with all political dissent after the Constitution was abolished by Hamid.

It served as the model for the Norwegian Constitution of 1814, the Portuguese Constitution of 1822 and the Mexican one of 1824, and was implemented with minor modifications in various Italian states by the Carbonari during their revolt of 1820 and 1821.

More than a quarter of a century later, from 1822 on, specially constructed cells for " state prisoners " in the northern wing of the former fortress were filled with Italian patriots known as Carbonari, who had fought for the unification, freedom and independence of their country.

The aim of Carbonari was the creation of a constitutional monarchy or a republic, they wanted also to defend the rights of people against all forms of absolutism.

In 1817 there was a revolt against Macerata, Ancona and other parts of the papal states which had been arranged by the Carbonari of Romagna and the Marches.

The Carbonari were defeated but not beaten, part in the revolution of July 1830 that supported the liberal policy of King Louis Philippe of France on the wings of victory for the uprising in Paris, even the Italian Carbonari took up arms against some states in central and northern And particularly the Papal States and Modena.

Anton Felix Schindler's biography of Beethoven " Beethoven as I Knew Him " states that his close connection with the composer was begun in 1815 when the latter requested an account of Schindler's involvement with a riot of Napoleon's supporters in Vienna, who were agitating against the Carbonari uprisings.

In 1821, he co-operated with Amand Bazard, Jacques-Thomas Flotard, and others to found a secret association, La Charbonnerie, modeled on the Italian Carbonari, with the object of launching an armed insurrection against the French government.

Even in Piedmont, King Vittorio Emanuele I, undecided what to do, abdicated in favor of his brother Charles Felix of Sardinia, who asked Austria to intervene militarily: April 8, the Hapsburg army defeated the rebels and the uprisings of 1820-1821, triggered almost entirely by the Carbonari, ended up in a total failure.

This defeat made them clear to many Carbonari that militarily, especially if alone, they could not compete with Austria, one of the greatest powers of the Old Continent: Giuseppe Mazzini, one of the most acute Carbonari.

After the failed uprisings of 1831, the governments of the various Italian states cracked down on the Carbonari, who now virtually ceased to exist.

The army was gradually disbanded, and Pepe spent several years in England, France and other countries, publishing a number of books and pamphlets of a political character and keeping up his connection with the Carbonari.

In 1831 Mazzini travelled to Tuscany, where he became a member of the Carbonari, a secret association with political purposes.

The Duke of Modena abandoned his Carbonari supporters, arrested Menotti and other conspirators in 1831, and once again conquered his duchy with help from the Austrian troops.

Napoleon, who had belonged to the Carbonari in his youth, and saw himself as in tune with the ideas of the day, became convinced it was his destiny to do something for Italy.

As a young man, he settled in Italy, where he and his elder brother Napoléon Louis espoused liberal politics and became involved with the Carbonari, an organization fighting Austria's domination of northern Italy.

On September 13, 1821 Pope Pius VII with the bull Ecclesiam a Jesu Christo condemned the Carbonari as a Freemason secret society, excommunicating its members.

In Wilkie Collins ' " The Woman in White " the character of Professor Pesca is a member of ' The Brotherhood ', an organisation placed contemporaneously with, and similarly featured as, the Carbonari.

The latter league had a pyramidal structure inspired by the secret society of the Republican Carbonari, and shared ideas with Saint-Simon and Charles Fourier's utopian socialism.

By this time doctrinaire republicans had, by that time, been replaced by others in the party affiliated with masonry or the nascente Carbonari associations.

He is thought to be the basis of the character Professor Pesca, a political refugee from Italy and a member of ' The Brotherhood ', an organisation placed contemporaneously with, and similarly featured as, the Carbonari, in Wilkie Collins ' 1860 novel The Woman in White.

The French General recruited local officials and soldiers, resulting in political turmoil between 1820 and 1830 – with risings in 1821 ( including the revolutionary movement of the Carbonari ), 1831 and 1848.

Napoleon Louis Bonaparte, Napoleon I's nephew who was involved with the Carbonari, died there in 1831.

During his imprisonment he devised the outlines of a new patriotic movement aiming to replace the unsuccessful Carbonari.

During one of these trips, while Berlioz enjoyed an afternoon of sailing, he encountered a group of Carbonari.

Because he claimed to be more highly educated than the average Sardinian shepherd, some have speculated on no ground that he was a fugitive member of the Carbonari, an exiled French aristocrat, or even the Lost Dauphin.

One of the most influential revolutionary groups was the Carbonari ( coalmongers ), a secret organization formed in southern Italy early in the 19th century.

After the Congress of Vienna divided the Italian peninsula among the European powers, the Carbonari movement spread into the Papal States, the Kingdom of Sardinia, the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, the Duchy of Modena and the Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia.

The revolutionaries were so feared that the reigning authorities passed an ordinance condemning to death anyone who attended a Carbonari meeting.

The Carbonari condemned Napoleon III — who, as a young man, had fought on the side of the Carbonari — to death for failing to unite Italy, and the group almost succeeded in assassinating him in 1858.

Salerno was an active center of Carbonari activities supporting the Unification of Italy in the 19th century.

* Carbonari – 19th century Italian movement resisting Austrian or Bourbon rule.

" Barrett's definition would rule out many organizations called secret societies ; graded teaching is usually not part of the American college fraternities, the Carbonari, or the 19th century Know Nothings.

Another influence on the choice of surname may have been Nicola Antonio Angeletti ( 1791 – 1870 ), a prominent Italian revolutionary and member of the Carbonari.

Felice Orsini (; 10 December 1819 – 13 March 1858 ) was an Italian revolutionary and leader of the Carbonari who tried to assassinate Napoleon III, Emperor of the French.

At the same time, he became a member of the secret society of the Carbonari.

Saint-Amand Bazard ( 1791 – 29 July 1832 ) was a French socialist, the founder of a secret society in France corresponding to the Carbonari of Italy.

The Carbonari (" charcoal burners ") were groups of secret revolutionary societies founded in early 19th-century Italy.

The Italian Carbonari may have further influenced other revolutionary groups in Spain, France, Portugal and possibly Russia.

Members of the Carbonari, and those influenced by them took part in important events in the process of Italian unification ( often referred to as the Risorgimento ), especially the Revolution of 1820, and in the further development of Italian nationalism.

Carbonari was the name of a secret political society that emerged during the nineteenth century in Italy.