* February 2 – Battle of Montejurra -( Third Carlist War )- The new commander General Fernando Primo de Rivera marched on the remaining Carlist stronghold at Estella, where he met a force of about 1, 600 men under General Carlos Calderón at nearby Montejurra.

** Battle of Mañeru-Third Carlist War-In continued campaigning in Navarre, Spanish Republican General Domingo Moriones meets a Carlist force under Nicolás Ollo at Mañeru, near Puente de la Reina, in a hard-fought but indecisive action.

* December 22 – Battle of Bocairente-Third Carlist War-Campaigning in Valenica, Spanish Republican General Valeriano Weyler is attacked at Bocairente, northwest of Alcoy, by a greatly superior Carlist force under General José Santés.

* February 3 – Battle of Lácar ( Third Carlist War )-Carlist commander Torcuato Mendíri secured a brilliant victory when he surprised and routed a Government force under General Enrique Bargés at Lácar, east of Estella, nearly capturing newly crowned King Alfonso XII.

* January 3 – Battle of Caspe ( Third Carlist War ): Campaigning on the Ebro in Aragon for the Spanish Republican Government, Colonel Eulogio Despujol surprised a Carlist force under Manuel Marco de Bello at Caspe, northeast of Alcañiz.

* February 24-February 25 – First Battle of Somorrostro ( Third Carlist War ): Determined to raise the siege of Bilbao by the Pretender Don Carlos VII, Republican commander Marshal Francisco Serrano sent General Domingo Moriones with a relief force of 14, 000 men.

To do so, it was necessary to trace back into the line of Philip V to his eldest descendant not excluded by law ( exclusion took place for treason, morganatic marriage, and other reasons as legally established in the Novísima Recopilación of 1805, in force at the time of the First Carlist War ).

Then, when the Spanish elections of 1872 resulted in government violence against Carlist candidates and a swing away from Carlism, the Carlist pretender, Carlos VII, decided that only force of arms could win him the throne.

Upon landing, the force was reinforced by 170 locals and about 100 Americans, including the well-known explorer and journalist Charles Wilkins Webber and the English adventurer Charles Frederick Henningsen, a veteran of the First Carlist War, the Hungarian Revolution, and the war in Circassia.

Among a few well known historic examples are the Scottish soldiers, who wore the blue bonnet in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the Volontaires Cantabres, a French force raised in the Basque country in the 1740s to the 1760s, who also wore a blue beret, and the Carlist rebels, with their red berets, in 1830s Spain.

The Third Carlist War began after Queen Isabella II was overthrown by a conspiracy of liberal generals in 1868, and left Spain in some disgrace ; four years later, the latest Carlist pretender, Carlos VII, decided that only force of arms could win him the throne.

* May 4-The Third Carlist War in Spain-Carlist Army is defeated at the Battle of Oroquieta, Navarra, Spain. 1, 000 government troops ( Moriones ) easily defeated the much larger number of Carlists at Oroquieta.

* May 2 – Siege of Bilbao ( Third Carlist War ): The siege is lifted

* June 25 – June 27 – Third Carlist War: Battle of Monte Muro: Carlist forces entrenched around Abárzuza, on the approach to Estella in Navarre, repel an attack by Isabelino / Liberal ( supporters of Queen Isabella II ) troops led by General Manuel Gutiérrez de la Concha, Marqués del Duero, who is killed on the third day of fighting.

When the Carlist uprising began on the death of Ferdinand VII, he is said to have held back because he knew that the first leaders would be politicians and talkers.

It is based on his experiences as a child during the Carlist siege of Bilbao in the Third Carlist War.

Although it remains unknown whether this is true, it appears the tortilla started to spread during the early Carlist wars.

The period of the Carlist Wars, in which the party tried to attain power mainly through military means, is both the classical in terms of political history as, because of the wars — or the threat of them — Carlism was at the center stage ; and formative as it is the period where the cultural and sociological Carlist world, that would last for well over a hundred years, took shape.

* Archduke Dominic of Austria is the son of Anton and has been Carlist claimant ( Domingo I ) from 1975 until present.

It is difficult, though, to give an accurate description of Carlist thinking for several reasons:

* On 7 May 2007, Fernando Sebastián Aguilar, Archbishop of Pamplona and Tudela ( Spain ) caused controversy by publicly stating that the Traditionalist Carlist Communion, among others, is worthy of consideration and of electoral support.

Separatist nationalism in parts of Spain is related in some of these areas with former Carlist background.

Francisco Pi y Margall is usually considered the heart of this government, which had to face several problems already endemic to the Republic, such as the Third Carlist War, separatist insurrections ( this time from Catalonia ), military indiscipline, monarchic plots, etc.

Of Navarran Basque Carlist aristocracy, Jaime is the fourth of the five sons and one daughter of Amalio de Marichalar y Bruguera, 8th Count of Ripalda, ( Madrid, 13 May 1912-Madrid, 26 December 1979 ) and his wife ( m. Torrecilla de Cameros, La Rioja, 25 July 1957 ) María de la Concepción Sáenz de Tejada y Fernández de Boadilla ( Logroño, La Rioja, 3 January 1929 -).

He confiscates the bomb and attempts to retreat ; but is caught in a Carlist advance.

Oriamendi ( Marcha de Oriamendi ) is the anthem of the Carlist movement.

Then he returned to Spain, and followed at various times the Carlist, the Republican and the Alfonsist forces.

The loss of prestige and subsequent fall of Isabel ( II ) in 1868 plus the staunch support of Carlism by Pope Pius IX, led a sizable number of former Isabelline conservative Catholics ( Francisco Navarro Villoslada, Antonio Aparisi, Cándido Nocedal, Alejandro Pidal ,…) to join the Carlist cause.

" Though Cristino resistance to the insurrection seemed to have been overcome by the end of 1833, Maria Cristina's forces suddenly drove the Carlist armies from most of the Basque country.

The Carlist insurrection was put down vigorously by the new king, who took an active role in the war and rapidly gained the support of most of his countrymen.

Among the most notable events of this period were the government of General Joan Prim and his assassination, the federalist revolt of 1869, the rise of Amadeo to the monarchy, the proclamation of the First Spanish Republic, the outbreak of the Third Carlist War and the spread of the ideas of the First International.

The Liberal Army mistreated the population, most of whom it suspected of being Carlist sympathizers, to the point of, sometimes, attempted extermination ; Carlists, very often, treated Liberals no better than they had treated Napoleonic soldiers and agents ), to the point where the international powers forced the warring parties to recognize some rules of war, namely the " Lord Eliot Convention ".

At the death of Alfonso Carlos in 1936 most Carlists supported Prince Xavier of Bourbon-Parma whom Alfonso Carlos had named as regent of the Carlist Communion.

* The First Carlist War ( 1832-1839 ) lasted more than seven years and the fighting spanned most of the country at one time or another, although the main conflict centered on the Carlist homelands of the Basque Country and Aragon, Catalonia and Valencia.

The Artillery Corps had been dissolved in the most virulent moment of the Carlist and Cuban wars, for which there were not enough soldiers or armament, nor money to feed or purchase them.

An even worse problem was the Third Carlist War, in which the rebels controlled most of the Basque Country, Navarre and Catalonia without opposition, and sent raid parties throughout the Peninsula.

The First Carlist War lasted over seven years and the fighting spanned most of the country at one time or another, although the main conflict centered on the Carlist homelands of the Basque Country and Aragon.

At the end of 1874, when Field Marshal Serrano left Madrid to take command of the northern army in the Carlist War, Brigadier Martínez Campos, who had long been working more or less openly for the king, led some battalions of the central army to Sagunto, rallied to his own flag the troops sent against him, and entered Valencia in the king's name.

* February 19 – ( Third Carlist War )- Government troops under General Primo de Rivera drove through the weak Carlist forces protecting Estella, Spain and took the city by storm.

The Carlist Zouaves demonstrated their fierceness in battle and were used as shock troops within the army of Catalonia and the Maestrazgo.

During the First Carlist War, troops under the command of Don Carlos unsuccessfully attacked the city.

He temporarily suspended his studies in 1873 to volunteer for the defense of Bilbao, which had been surrounded by Carlist troops during the Third Carlist War.

In Basque, the Carlist troops were hence called txapelgorri-though the name was also shared by units of the opposing Liberal side.

After this battle, they had been faced with the choice of joining the Carlist troops or being executed.