In quantum field theory, the Casimir effect and the Casimir – Polder force are physical forces arising from a quantized field.

Although the Casimir effect can be expressed in terms of virtual particles interacting with the objects, it is best described and more easily calculated in terms of the zero-point energy of a quantized field in the intervening space between the objects.

Dutch physicists Hendrik B. G. Casimir and Dirk Polder at Philips Research Labs proposed the existence of a force between two polarizable atoms and between such an atom and a conducting plate in 1947, and, after a conversation with Niels Bohr who suggested it had something to do with zero-point energy, Casimir alone formulated the theory predicting a force between neutral conducting plates in 1948 ; the former is called the Casimir-Polder force while the latter is the Casimir effect in the narrow sense.

In fact, at separations of 10 nm — about 100 times the typical size of an atom — the Casimir effect produces the equivalent of 1 atmosphere of pressure ( 101. 325 kPa ), the precise value depending on surface geometry and other factors.

In modern theoretical physics, the Casimir effect plays an important role in the chiral bag model of the nucleon ; and in applied physics, it is significant in some aspects of emerging microtechnologies and nanotechnologies.

Since the value of this energy depends on the shapes and positions of the conductors and dielectrics, the Casimir effect manifests itself as a force between such objects.

* Casimir effect description from University of California, Riverside's version of the Usenet physics FAQ.

* A. Lambrecht, The Casimir effect: a force from nothing, Physics World, September 2002.

* Casimir effect on Astronomy Picture of the Day

* Kimball A. Milton: " The Casimir effect ", World Scientific, Singapore 2001, ISBN 981-02-4397-9

* Casimir effect article search on arxiv. org

A new theory has been proposed that Modifies inertia by assuming it is due to Unruh radiation subject to a Hubble scale Casimir effect ( MiHsC, or quantised inertia ).

Evidence for such zero-point energy is observed in the Casimir effect.

( Many physicists such as Stephen Hawking, Kip Thorne, and others believe that the Casimir effect is evidence that negative energy densities are possible in nature.

Quantum effects such as the Casimir effect cannot violate the averaged null energy condition in any neighborhood of space with zero curvature, but calculations in semiclassical gravity suggest that quantum effects may be able to violate this condition in curved spacetime.

* The Casimir effect is discovered by Dutch physicist Hendrik Casimir.

It is true that certain experimentally verified quantum phenomena, such as the Casimir effect, when described in the context of the quantum field theories, lead to stress – energy tensors that also violate the energy conditions, such as negative mass-energy, and thus one can hope that Alcubierre-type warp drives can be physically realized by clever engineering taking advantage of such quantum effects.

This is related to the Unruh effect or the Casimir effect.

* 1958 Marcus Sparnaay experimentally confirms the Casimir effect

According to the Annales Cracovienses Compilati, this event took place in 1136 ; since it can be assumed that the Polish princess was younger than her betrothed, and also are known the birth dates of the youngest children of Bolesław III ( Agnes in 1137 and Casimir in 1138 ), Judith in consequence could have been born between 1130 and 1135.

* Earliest day on which Casimir Pulaski Day can fall, while March 7 is the latest ; celebrated on the first Monday in March.

Robert Jaffe of MIT argues that the Casimir force should not be considered evidence for vacuum energy, since it can be derived in QED without reference to vacuum energy by considering charge-current interactions ( the radiation-reaction picture ).

Dominican popular music history can be traced back to the 1940s and 50s, when dance bands like the Casimir Brothers and later, The Swinging Stars, became famous across the island.

Morris, Thorne and Yurtsever pointed out that the quantum mechanics of the Casimir effect can be used to produce a locally mass-negative region of space-time.

The effects of vacuum energy can be experimentally observed in various phenomena such as spontaneous emission, the Casimir effect, the van der Waals bonds and the Lamb shift, and are thought to influence the behavior of the Universe on cosmological scales.

However, the Casimir effect is no certain proof for vacuum energy since it can also be explained without this theory.

The Casimir effect can also be understood in terms of the behavior of virtual particles in the empty space between two parallel plates.

The Casimir effect, Hawking radiation and Lamb shift are examples of phenomena whose existence can be implied using one-loop Feynman diagrams, especially the well-known " triangle diagram ":

This point of view is also stated by Jaffe ( 2005 ): " The Casimir force can be calculated without reference to vacuum fluctuations, and like all other observable effects in QED, it vanishes as the fine structure constant,, goes to zero.

A normalized first Casimir invariant operator can likewise be defined

Szczebrzeszyn's history can be traced back to 1352, during the reign of Casimir III, although archaeological evidence suggests the area had been settled for several centuries prior to this.

In the Casimir effect, two metal plates can cause a change in the vacuum energy density between them which generates a measurable force.

In 1471, while King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary led a campaign in Bohemia, the Hungarian nobility conspired against him and called the thirteen years old Casimir to the Kingdom, so he could take over and be crowned.

* 1481: Radom becomes a de-facto capital of Poland after Casimir IV of Poland moves to Lithuania and his son, Saint Casimir to be, ruled the country in his absence from Radom

Casimir calculated that between two plates only particles with specific wavelengths should be counted when calculating the vacuum energy.

In Paris, a committee of the liberal opposition, composed of banker-and-kingmaker < span lang =" fr "> Jacques Laffitte </ span >, < span lang =" fr "> Casimir Perier </ span >, Generals < span lang =" fr "> Étienne Gérard </ span > and < span lang =" fr "> Georges Mouton, comte de Lobau </ span >, among others, had drawn up and signed a petition in which, not surprisingly, they asked for the < span lang =" fr "> ordonnances </ span > to be withdrawn ; more surprising was their criticism " not of the King, but his ministers " – thereby disproving Charles X's conviction that his liberal opponents were enemies of his dynasty.

The center of U ( L ) is called Z ( L ) and consists of the left-and right-invariant differential operators ; this in the case of G not commutative will often not be generated by first-order operators ( see for example Casimir operator of a semi-simple Lie algebra ).

John II Casimir meanwhile took Bromberg ( Bydgoszcz ) and Konitz in Royal Prussia, and from 15 November 1656 until February 1657 stayed in Danzig, where a Swedish siege had to be lifted due to Dutch intervention, just 55 kilometers away from Charles X Gustav's quarters in Elbing.

The idea to reserve the lands for his minor brothers Henry and Casimir II was not popular with Wladyslaw, who thought that the land was only temporarily separated from his Dzielnica senioralna and now in its entirety should be returned.

Hence it should be assumed that about the middle of the 14th century, King Casimir transformed Krosno from a settlement into a town chartered according to the Magdeburg rights and brought in numerous groups of German settlers.

The Confederation stipulated with the Polish king, Casimir IV Jagiellon, that the Polish Crown would be invested with the role of head of state of western parts of Prussia ( Royal Prussia ).

On 27 March 1335, King Casimir III of Poland ( Kazimierz in Polish ) declared the two western settlements to be a new city named " Casimiria " ( later “ Kazimierz ”) after him.

Among these is " Casimir Pulaski Day ", to be commemorated annually on March 4 ( s. 118. 02 ( 5 ), Wis Stats ).