In 2009, India's Chandrayaan-1 satellite, NASA's Cassini spacecraft and the Deep Impact probe have each detected the presence of water by evidence of hydroxyl fragments on the Moon.

A second-generation Mariner spacecraft, called the Mariner Mark II series, eventually evolved into the Cassini – Huygens probe, now in orbit around Saturn.

Some radioisotope thermoelectric generators have been created to power space probes ( for example, the Cassini probe ), some lighthouses in the former Soviet Union, and some pacemakers.

* 1997 – The Cassini probe launches from Cape Canaveral on its way to Saturn.

High-precision test of general relativity by the Cassini-Huygens | Cassini space probe ( artist's impression ): radio signals sent between the Earth and the probe ( green wave ) are Shapiro effect | delayed by the warping of space and time ( blue lines ) due to the Sun's mass.

** NASA launches the Cassini – Huygens probe to Saturn.

* Mars Pathfinder, Mars Exploration Rover and the Cassini probe to Saturn use a k of 15 and a rate of 1 / 6 ; this code performs about 2 dB better than the simpler k = 7 code at a cost of 256 × in decoding complexity ( compared to Voyager mission codes ).

Saturn eclipses the Sun, as seen from the Cassini – Huygens space probe.

NASA's Cassini probe detected these clouds on Saturn and thin water-ice cirrus on Saturn's moon Titan.

The Saturn ian moon Mimas ( moon ) | Mimas, photographed by the Cassini – Huygens | Cassini probe in 2005.

* Cassini orbiter, part of the Cassini – Huygens space probe

The Cassini probe passed by Venus twice, then Earth, and finally Jupiter on the way to Saturn.

The 6. 7-year transit was slightly longer than the six years needed for a Hohmann transfer, but cut the total amount of delta V needed to about 2 km / s, so that the large and heavy Cassini probe was able to reach Saturn, which would not have been possible in a direct transfer even with the Titan IV, the largest launch vehicle available at the time.

File: Pandora_-_PIA07570. jpg | Pandora as seen from the Cassini probe in 2005 ; the rings of Saturn are in the background.

No centaur has been photographed up close, although there is evidence that Saturn's moon Phoebe, imaged by the Cassini probe in 2004, may be a captured centaur.

Besides its use by the Air Force to launch its sequence of very heavy reconnaissance satellites, one Titan IV, with a powerful Centaur rocket upper stage, was used to launch the heavy Cassini space probe to the planet Saturn in 1997.

The Huygens probe, carried to Saturn's moon Titan by the Cassini probe, was specifically designed to survive landing on land and on liquid.

The Huygens probe was an atmospheric entry probe carried to Saturn's moon Titan as part of the Cassini – Huygens mission.

* Huygens probe separated from Cassini orbiter at 02: 00 UTC on December 25, 2004 in Spacecraft Event Time.

* In the rings of Saturn, the Cassini Division is a gap between the inner B Ring and the outer A Ring that has been cleared by a 2: 1 resonance with the moon Mimas.

Located in front of the port, the Place Cassini has been renamed Place of Corsica.

* Cassini projection, in which the map of the Earth has the central meridian as the equator.

Colbert has the honour of having founded the Academy of Sciences ( now part of the Institut de France ), the Paris Observatory, which he employed Claude Perrault to build and brought Giovanni Domenico Cassini ( 1625 – 1712 ) from Italy to superintend, the Academies of Inscriptions and Medals, of Architecture and of Music, the French Academy at Rome, and Academies at Arles, Soissons, Nîmes and many other towns.

Planetshine has been observed elsewhere in the solar system: in particular, it has recently been used by the Cassini space probe to image portions of the moons of Saturn even when they are not lit by the Sun.

This has been observed in many of the photos from the Cassini – Huygens probe.

Mimas has been imaged several times by the Cassini orbiter, which entered into orbit around Saturn in 2004.

This view was held by Jean-Baptiste du Hamel, Giovanni Domenico Cassini, Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle and Melchisédech Thévenot at the time, and has some grounding in that Henry Oldenburg, the Society's first Secretary, had attended the Montmor Academy meeting.

In Cassini scientists announced that the structure of Saturn's rings indicates the presence of several more moons orbiting within the rings, although only one, Daphnis, has been visually confirmed so far ( in 2005 ).

The feature was first identified in 1994 by astronomers using the Hubble Space Telescope at infrared wavelengths, and has recently been imaged in more detail by the Cassini space probe.

It is believed that Roncevaux Terra is the underlying colour of Iapetus, while Cassini Regio was formed either by a substance that has covered up the brighter ice of the rest of the moon, or by a residue left from the sublimation of Roncevaux-type water ice.

The Cassini – Huygens spacecraft has made two visits to Methone and its closest approach was made on May 20, 2012 with a minimum distance of 1, 900 km from it.

These putative rings have not been imaged, but their existence has been inferred from Cassini observations in November 2005 of a depletion of energetic electrons in Saturn's magnetosphere near Rhea.

The Cassini mission has reaction wheels as well as thrusters for attitude control, and during cruise could rely for long periods on the reaction wheels alone, thus enabling precision measurements.

The Cassini probe's study of Titan, which began in 2005, has recently borne out that there do appear to be liquid lakes on the moon.

Further observations have been made by Cassini – Huygens in 2000 and New Horizons in 2007, as well as from Earth-based telescopes and the Hubble Space Telescope as their technology has advanced.

Cassini has observed several features thought to be cryovolcanoes on Titan, notably Sotra Facula, a feature regarded as " the very best evidence, by far, for volcanic topography anywhere documented on an icy satellite ".

Titan succeeded in launching 12 Gemini spacecraft and has also helped to launch the Viking missions to Mars, Voyager I and II and most recently Cassini to Saturn.

However, Cassini has now viewed these terrains at almost 10 times better resolution.

Julnar was first discovered in Voyager 2 and has only been seen at comparable resolution by Cassini.

Duban was first seen in Voyager 2 images, though the crater has also been seen in much higher resolution Cassini images.

Sindbad was first seen in Voyager 2 images, though the southern rim has been seen by Cassini.