Civil war between King Pedro of Castile and his half-brother Henry of Trastámara led to the exile of many Castilian nobles to Portugal.

In 1366 began the calamitous Castilian Civil War, which would see him dethroned.

This became the Castilian Civil War.

Edward, the Black Prince fought in the Battle of Nájera in 1367, intervening in a Castilian Civil War on behalf of Pedro of Castile.

The main events of this war were the indecisive < ref name =" British historian Ian Robertson ">< sub >< big >↓</ big ></ sub > British historian Ian Robertson: “ Civil war, however, was immediately provoked by the partisans of " la Beltraneja ", whose claim was supported by the king of Portugal, but after the indecisive battle of Toro ( 1476 ) the Portuguese withdrew leaving Fernando and Isabel firmly established ” in Spain, the mainland, E. Benn, 1980, p. 19 .</ ref >< ref name =" Historian Carl ">< sub >< big >↓</ big ></ sub > Historian Carl hanson: “ In march 1476, the Portuguese and Castilian armies met at Toro.

The death of King Henry IV of Castile in 1474 set off a struggle for power called the War of the Castilian Succession ( 1475-1479 ).

In Castile disputes over the system contributed to the war against Charles I ( Castilian War of the Communities ).

* The Castilian War of the Communities begins.

* September 4 – The Treaty of Alcáçovas ( also known as Treaty or Peace of Alcáçovas-Toledo ) is signed between the Catholic monarchs of Castile and Aragon on one side and the King of Portugal on the other side, ending the four-year War of the Castilian Succession.

* Hundred Years War – Battle of Margate: The English defeat an invading French and Castilian naval force.

From the advent of the Bourbon Monarchy following the War of the Spanish Succession until the arrival of parliamentary democracy in 1977, the Castilian language was the only one with official status in the Spanish state.

Castilian identity is ambiguous: since Castilian nationalism was the first to have been suppressed by the Spanish Crown during the revolt and war of the Castilian War of the Communities against the Spanish Monarchy, between 1520 and 1521, a strong sense of identity cannot be found in Castilians and there are differences about what can be considered Castile.

From 1356 to 1366, Peter engaged in constant wars with Aragon in the " War of the Two Peters ", in which he showed neither ability nor good hand in his support of his English ally or Castilian interests in the Mediterranean against the French and Aragonese.

It put an end to the War of the Castilian Succession, which ended with a victory of the Catholic Monarchs on land < ref name =" Bailey W. Diffie ">< sub >< big >↓</ big ></ sub > Bailey W. Diffie and George D. Winius “ In a war in which the Castilians were victorious on land and the Portuguese at sea, …” in Foundations of the Portuguese empire 1415-1580, volume I, University of Minnesota Press, 1985, p. 152 .</ ref > and a Portuguese victory on the sea .< ref name =" Historian Malyn Newitt ">< sub >< big >↓</ big ></ sub > Historian Malyn Newitt: “ All things considered, it is not surprising that the Portuguese emerged victorious from this first maritime colonial war.

In 1380, during the Hundred Years ' War, Gravesend was sacked and burned by a Castilian fleet.

When Henry died in 1474, she was recognized as monarch by some noble factions, while other recognized her half-aunt as Queen Isabella I of Castile initiating a four-year War of the Castilian Succession.

Her niece, Joanna of Castile, attempted to gain the throne by bringing in the foreign help of Afonso V of Portugal, leading to the War of Castilian Succession.

After 10 years of many battles the Granada War ended in 1492 when the Emir Boabdil surrendered the keys of the Alhambra Palace in Granada to the Castilian soldiers.

Battles occurred, such as in 1380 when Jehan d ' Ust defended the city in the name of John V, Duke of Brittany ( known in France as Jean IV ) against the Castilian fleet during the Hundred Years ' War.

Palos took advantage of the War of the Castilian Succession, which became a war between Castile and Portugal, to challenge Portuguese domination of the Atlantic trade.

The poem details many of the Prince's exploits in the Hundred Years ' War, including the Castilian civil war, the battle of Crecy, and the battle of Poitiers ( though these last two only briefly ).

Charles, on becoming king, clashed with his nobles during the Castilian War of the Communities when he attempted to fill government positions with effective Dutch and Flemish officials.

In 1478 ( during the War of the Castilian Succession ), Nearby the Elmina waters, was fought the battle of Guinea between a Castilian armada of 35 caravels and a Portuguese fleet for the hegemony of the Guinea trade ( gold, slaves, ivory and black pepper ).

In July 1366 Charles himself came to Bordeaux to consult with Pedro I and the Prince and agreed to keep the mountain passes of Navarre open for the passage of the army, for which he would be rewarded with the Castilian provinces of Guipúzcoa and Álava as well as additional fortresses and a large cash payment.

Then with the help of many Castilian rebels and Bertrand du Guesclin's Frenchmen, they defeated Peter at the Battle of Montiel ( 14 March 1369 ).

Nevertheless, the war ended in defeat for the Castilian forces ,< ref name =" Historian Malyn Newitt ">< sub >< big >↓</ big ></ sub > Historian Malyn Newitt: “ However, in 1478 the Portuguese surprised thirty-five Castilian ships returning from Mina < nowiki > of Guinea </ nowiki > and seized them and all their gold.

The war ended both with a Portuguese naval victory and the official recognition by the Catholic Monarchs of the Portuguese sovereignty over most of the African territories in dispute ( Treaty of Alcáçovas, 1479 ).< ref name =" Historian Malyn Newitt "> Historian Malyn Newitt: “ However, in 1478 the Portuguese surprised thirty-five Castilian ships returning from Mina < nowiki ></ nowiki > and seized them and all their gold.

The war ended both with a Portuguese naval victory and the official recognition by the Catholic Monarchs of the Portuguese sovereignty over most of the African territories in dispute ( Treaty of Alcáçovas, 1479 ).< ref name =" Historian Malyn Newitt "> Historian Malyn Newitt: “ However, in 1478 the Portuguese surprised thirty-five Castilian ships returning from Mina < nowiki ></ nowiki > and seized them and all their gold.

Alicante was finally taken in 1246 by the Castilian king Alfonso X, but it passed soon and definitely to the Kingdom of Valencia in 1298 with King James II of Aragon.

* c. 1283: The game of astronomical tables, from Libro de los juegos Alfonso X of Castile in Spain commissioned Libro de ajedrez, dados, y tablas ( Libro de los Juegos ( The Book of Games )) translated into Castilian from Arabic and added illustrations with the goal of perfecting the work.

The Old Castilian language was also used to show the higher class that came with being a knight errant .- This last phrase is not completely accurate-In Don Quixote there are basically 2 different Castillian: Old Castillian is only spoken by Don Quixote, while the rest of the roles speak a much modern version of Spanish, pretty much understandable by the actual reader.

In Old Castilian the letter x represented the sound written with sh in modern English, so the name was originally pronounced " ".

However as Old Castilian became modern Spanish, the pronunciation of the sh sound changed, and came to be pronounced with a voiceless velar fricative sound like the Scottish or German ch and today the Spanish pronunciation of " Quixote " is.

Spanish imperial conquest and colonization began with two Castilian expeditions.

Currently, the festivals of moros y cristianos ( Castilian ), moros i cristians ( Catalan ), mouros e cristãos ( Portuguese ) and mouros e cristiáns ( Galician ), these meaning " Moors and Christians ", recreate the fights as colorful parades with elaborate garments and lots of fireworks, especially on the central and southern towns of the Land of Valencia, like Alcoi, Ontinyent or Villena.

* John of Gaunt, the uncle of Richard II of England, makes peace with Castile and gives up his claim to the Castilian throne by allowing his daughter Katherine of Lancaster to marry Prince Henry, the eldest son of John I of Castile.

Later in the year, Henry II arranged with Edward VI of England the release of all remaining Castilian prisoners.

The Consejo de Portugal independent inasmuch as it was one of the key administrative units used by the Castilian monarchy, on legally equal terms with the Consejo de Indias.

When the majority of the Castilian nobles refused to accept a Portuguese sovereign, and welcomed the former king's illegitimate half-brother as Henry II of Castile, Ferdinand allied himself with the Moors and Aragonese ; but in 1371 Pope Gregory XI intervened, and it was decided that Ferdinand should renounce his claim and marry Eleanor, the daughter of his successful rival.

His father died when he was young, and so John, his two older brothers and his widowed mother struggled with poverty, moving around and living in various Castilian villages, with the last being Medina del Campo, to which he moved in 1551.

In fact, the territory of the Castilian Crown actually comprised all other autonomous communities within Spain with the exception of Aragon, Balearic Islands, Valencia and Catalonia, which all belonged to the late Crown of Aragon, and Navarre, heir of the older Kingdom of the same name.

Image: Flag of Castile ( with star ). svg | Flag used by Castilian Left followers.

The Castilian territories roughly coincide with the plateaus of north-central Spain, historically sparsely populated harsh highlands.

However, in 1420 the city was sold along with the remaining territory for 100, 000 florins to the Crown of Aragon, replaced by Spain after 1479 on the joining of the Aragonese and Castilian thrones.

From 1372 John gathered around himself a small court of refugee Castilian knights and ladies and set up a Castilian chancery which prepared documents in his name according to the style of Pedro I of Castile, dated by the Castilian era and signed by himself with the Spanish formula ' Yo El Rey ' ( I, the King ).

Shortly after the army returned to Portugal, John of Gaunt concluded a secret treaty with John of Trastámara under which he and his wife renounced all claim to the Castilian throne in return for a large annual payment and the marriage of their daughter Catherine to John of Trastámara's son Henry.

Coat of arms of John of Gaunt asserting his kingship over Castile and León, combining the Castilian castle and lion with lilies of France, the lions of England and his heraldic difference

Gomez is of Castilian origin, loved to smoke cigars, and would play destructively with his model trains.

It was with this war as a backdrop that, beginning in 1707, Philip issued the Nueva Planta decrees, which centralized Spanish rule under the Castilian political and administrative model and in the process abolished the charters of the independently administered kingdoms within Spain – including most notably the Crown of Aragon, which was supporting Charles VI in the conflict.