These alleged refugees claimed the ancestry of Sargon of Akkad ( whose dynasty died out some 15 centuries before the fall of Assyria ), they also contradictionally claimed ancestry from Nabopolassar, a Babylonian king of Chaldean extraction who played a major part in the destruction of the Assyrian Empire.

The last Babylonian king, Nabonidus ( who was Assyrian born, and not a Chaldean ), improved the ziggurat.

Revolt was eventually fermented against Assyrian domination by Merodach-Baladan, a Chaldean king of the far south east of Mesopotamia, with Elamite help.

He is traditionally listed as a king of the Chaldean Dynasty, however it is not known if he was a Chaldean or native of Babylon, as he was not related by blood to Nabopolassar and his successors.

* In the Bible vermilion is listed as a pigment that was in use for painting buildings during the reign of Shallum the son of Josiah king of Judah and is named in the book of the prophet Ezekiel as a pigment used in art that portrayed Chaldean men.

He formed a powerful coalition including Nabu-bel-shumate, king of the Mesopotamian Sealands, the Elamites, the Chaldean tribes of the South under Merodach Baladan, the kings of Guti, Amurru and Meluhha and the Arabs from Arabia.

He is traditionally listed as a king of the Chaldean Dynasty, however it is not known if he was a Chaldean or native of Babylon, as he was not related by blood to Nabopolassar and his successors.

He was soon overthrown and replaced by the former Chaldean king, Marduk-apal-iddina II.

More details are known from the late 8th century BC, when the Elamites were allied with the Chaldean chieftain Merodach-baladan to defend the cause of Babylonian independence from Assyria.

This time Babylon was not alone – it had allied itself with Assyrian Chaldean tribes, its southern regions, the kings of " Gutium ", Amurru, and Malluha, and even Elam.

Well acquainted with the Middle-East, he spoke Arabic and " Chaldean " ( thought to be either Syriac or Persian ).

When they came to possess the whole of southern Mesopotamia, the name " Chaldean " became synonymous with " Babylonian ", particularly to the Greeks and Jews.

In the Hebrew Bible, the prophet Abraham is stated to have originally been from " Ur of the Chaldees " ( Ur Kasdim ); if this city is to be identified with the Sumerian Ur, it would be within the original Chaldean homeland south of the Euphrates, although Chaldeans were not extant in Mesopotamia at the time of Abraham.

The Medes, Persians, Chaldean ruled Babylonians, together with the Scythians and Cimmerians attacked Assyria in 616 BC, and by 612 BC, after five years of bitter fighting, the alliance had sacked Nineveh, killing Sin-shar-ishkun in the process.

It was the formulation of Mary as the Theotokos which caused a schism with the Church of the East, now divided between the Assyrian Church of the East and the Ancient Church of the East, while the Chaldean Catholic Church entered into full communion with Rome in the 16th century.

In the syncretism during Late Antiquity of Hellenistic and late Babylonian (" Chaldean ") elements, Hecate was identified with Ereshkigal, the underworld counterpart of Inanna in the Babylonian cosmography.

Babylonia or Chaldea in the Hellenistic world came to be so identified with astrology that " Chaldean wisdom " became among Greeks and Romans the synonym of divination through the planets and stars.

Two modern churches developed from the schism, the Chaldean Church, which entered into communion with Rome as an Eastern Catholic Church, and the Assyrian Church of the East, the followers of these two churches are almost exclusively ethnic Assyrians.

The modern Assyrian Church of the East emerged in the 16th century following a split with the Chaldean Church, which later entered into communion with Rome as an Eastern Catholic Church.

Babylonia remained weak during this period, with whole areas now under firm Chaldean, Aramean and Sutean control.

At the age of fourteen Young had learned Greek and Latin and was acquainted with French, Italian, Hebrew, German, Chaldean, Syriac, Samaritan, Arabic, Persian, Turkish and Amharic.

For the 2010 election in the municipality of Södertälje ( Stockholm County ), SD was the only party with a majority of immigrants on its electoral list, mostly Chaldean Christians from the Middle East.

Gedaliah, with a Chaldean guard stationed at Mizpah, was made governor to rule over the remnant of Judah, the Yehud Province.

The empire fell in 608 BCE with the death of Ashur-uballit II after a period of internal strife followed by an attack by a coalition of Babylonians, Medes, Scythians, Persians and Cimmerians led by Nabopolassar, the Chaldean ruler of Babylon and Cyaxares of Media / Persia.

He is, however distinguished from his predecessors, whom he so admires, in making less frequent application of Orphic, Hermetic, Chaldean, and other Theologumena of the East ; partly in proceeding carefully and modestly in the explanation and criticism of particular points, and in striving with diligence to draw from the original sources a thorough knowledge of the older Greek philosophy.

Xisuthros, the " Chaldean Noah " in Sumerian mythology, is said by Berossus to have buried the records of the antediluvian world here — possibly because the name of Sippar was supposed to be connected with sipru, " a writing ".

However, Petbe may be a Chaldean deity introduced by immigrant workers from the Levant, with his name being a corruption of the hybrid phrase Pet -( Ba ' al ), meaning Lord of the sky.

He noted in his work Babyloniaca that " He gathered the records of his predecessors and destroyed them, thus ensuring that the history of the Chaldean kings began with him.

The country “ inherited ” from Nabû-šuma-iškun was one riven by internal divisions and conflicts with the Aramean and Chaldean tribes, where the central authority was greatly diminished.

The Chaldean Easter coincides with that of the Eastern Orthodox Church, as the Julian Calendar is used to calculate Easter.

According to Montgomery and Hammer Daniel's use of the word ' Chaldean ' to refer to astrologers in general is an anachronism, as during the Neo-Babylonian and early Persian periods ( when Daniel is said to have lived ), it referred only to an ethnicity.

* One of earliest occurrences of the scorpion in culture is its inclusion, as Scorpio, in the twelve signs of the series of constellations known as the Zodiac by Babylonian astronomers during the Chaldean period.

The division of the ecliptic into the zodiacal signs originates in Babylonian (" Chaldean ") astronomy during the first half of the 1st millennium BC, likely during Median /" Neo-Babylonian " times ( 7th century BC ),

This arrangement was probably done during the 3rd century of Hijrah during the ' Abbasid period, following the practices of speakers of other Semitic languages such as Aramaic, Hebrew, Syriac and Chaldean.

The pillaging or destruction of idols was considered to be a withdrawal of divine patronage ; during the Neo-Babylonian period, the Chaldean prince Marduk-apla-iddina II fled into the southern marshes of Mesopotamia with the statues of Babylon's gods to save them from the armies of Sennacherib of Assyria.

Distance kept the community of St Thomas Christians separate from other Christian communities until about the 8th century, when they started receiving bishops and support from the Chaldean Church.

The short-lived 11th dynasty of the Kings of Babylon ( 6th century BC ) is conventionally known to historians as the Chaldean Dynasty, although only the first four rulers of this dynasty were known to be Chaldeans, and the last ruler, Nabonidus ( and his son and regent Belshazzar ) was known to be from Assyria.

The Chaldean astronomer Kidinnu ( 4th century BC ) knew of the 19-year cycle, but the Babylonians applied it since the late sixth century.

Further material was gleaned from the De honesta disciplina of 1504 by Petrus Crinitus, which included extracts from Michael Psellos's De daemonibus, and the De Mysteriis Aegyptiorum ( Concerning the mysteries of Egypt ...), a book on Chaldean and Assyrian magic by Iamblichus, a 4th century Neo-Platonist.

The 15th-century monk Annio da Viterbo credited a manuscript he claimed to have found to the Chaldean historian of the 3rd century BC, Berossus, where " Pandora " was also named as a daughter-in-law of Noah ; this attempt to conjoin pagan and scriptural narrative is recognized as a forgery.

The followers of Bardaisan of Mesopotamia, a sect of the 2nd century deemed heretical by the Catholic Church, drew upon Chaldean astrology, to which Bardaisan's son Harmonius, educated in Athens, added Greek ideas including a sort of metempsychosis.

From the end of the 7th century BC Ur was ruled by the so called Chaldean Dynasty of Babylon.

In the Near East, the first half of this century was dominated by the Neo-Babylonian or Chaldean empire, which had risen to power late in the previous century after successfully rebelling against Assyrian rule.

The split of the 15th century, which saw the emergence of separate Assyrian and Chaldean Churches, left only the former as an independent sect.

c. 6th – 3rd century BC ) was a Chaldean astronomer and mathematician.

The first recorded use of the term is found in the mid-second century neo-Platonist work, the Chaldean Oracles ( Fragment 153 des Places ( Paris, 1971 ): ' For the theourgoí do not fall under the fate-governed herd ').

* The 11th dynasty of Babylon ( 6th century BC ) is conventionally known as the Chaldean Dynasty

Gerrha-inhabited by Chaldean exiles from Babylon-controlled the Incense trade routes across Arabia to the Mediterranean and exercised control over the trading of aromatics to Babylon in the 1st century BC.

The most famous patriarch of the Chaldean Church in the 19th century was Joseph VI Audo who is remembered also for his clashes with Pope Pius IX mainly about his attempts to extend the Chaldean jurisdiction over the Indian Syro-Malabar Catholic Church.

One of the oldest Christian churches, it is a modern successor of the historical Church of the East, also known as the Persian Church, having emerged from a split with the Chaldean Church in the 16th century.

*** The Assyrian Church of the East, the continuation of the Church of the East, which emerged from the split with the Chaldean Church in the 16th century