The categories of the Napoleonic Code were not drawn from earlier French laws, but instead from Justinian's sixth-century codification of Roman law, the Corpus Juris Civilis and, within it, the Institutes.

The work as planned had three parts: the Code ( Codex ) is a compilation, by selection and extraction, of imperial enactments to date ; the Digest or Pandects ( the Latin title contains both Digesta and Pandectae ) is an encyclopedia composed of mostly brief extracts from the writings of Roman jurists ; and the Institutes ( Institutiones ) is a student textbook, mainly introducing the Code although it has important conceptual elements that are less developed in the Code or the Digest.

Both the Code of Canon Law and the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches state: " In this Code the terms Apostolic See or Holy See mean not only the Roman Pontiff, but also, unless the contrary is clear from the nature of things or from the context, the Secretariat of State, the Council for the public affairs of the Church, and the other Institutes of the Roman Curia.

He undertook to arrange into one body the tens of thousands of comments and remarks upon the Code, the Institutes and Digests.

# Idea of the Roman Jurisprudence – The Laws of the Kings – The Twelve Tablets of the Decemvirs – The Laws of the People – The Decrees of the Senate – The Edicts of the Magistrates and Emperors – Authority of the Civilians – Code, Pandects, Novels, and Institutes of Justinian: – I.

The Corpus Iuris Civilis was issued in Latin in three parts: the Institutes, the Digest ( Pandects ), and the Code ( Codex ).

The Code of Justinian ( lib.

In the East, the principle set forth in the Code of Justinian still applies, whereby most abbots are immediately subject to the local bishop.

In its preparation, centuries of material was examined, scrutinized for authenticity by leading experts, and harmonized as much as possible with opposing canons and even other codes, from the Codex of Justinian to the Napoleonic Code.

The Code of Justinian, in The Civil Law.

* Annotated Justinian Code ( University of Wyoming website )

After the dissolution of the Western Roman Empire, the Justinian Code remained in effect in the Eastern empire, known in the modern era as the Byzantine Empire ( 331 – 1453 ).

* April 7 – Emperor Justinian I issues the Codex Justinianus ( Code of Civil Laws ), reformulating Roman law in an effort to control his unruly people ( see 532 ).

Because of the increase in wealth of the trading cities of northern Italy, there occurred a revival in the study of the Justinian Code.

It is also sometimes referred to as the Code of Justinian, although this name belongs more properly to the part titled Codex.

The Codex Justinianus ( Code of Justinian, Justinian's Code ) was the first part to be completed, on 7 April 529.

* The Justinian Code In S. P.

* Annotated Justinian Code English translation ( from the Mommsen and Krueger edition ) by Fred H. Blume, 1943 ; revised by Timothy Kearley, 2005-2009 ( greatly preferable to Scott's translation )

Alimony has been discussed in ancient legal texts including the Babylonian Code of Hammurabi (# 137 -# 142 ) and the Code of Justinian.

In jurisprudence his study was far from being devoted solely to Justinian ; he recovered and gave to the world a part of the Theodosian Code, with explanations ; and he procured the manuscript of the Basilica, a Greek abridgment of Justinian, afterwards published by Fabrot.

In the Paratitla, or summaries which he made of the Digest, and particularly of the Code of Justinian, he condensed into short axioms the elementary principles of law, and gave definitions remarkable for their admirable clearness and precision.

In its preparation, centuries of material was examined, scrutinized for authenticity by leading experts, and harmonized as much as possible with opposing canons and even other Codes, from the Codex of Justinian to the Napoleonic Code.

Scholars A. Solovjev and Soulis conclude that the Council of 1349 issued a three-part comprehensive legal document, since most early manuscripts of the Code also contain two other texts: The first part was an abridgement of the Syntagma, the second part was the " Code of Justinian " ( an abridgement of The Partner's Law ), and the third part was always Dušan's Code itself.

John F. Matthews observes, " The Theodosian Code does, however, differ from the work of Justinian ( except the Novellae ), in that it was largely based not on existing juristic writings and collections of texts, but on primary sources that had never before been brought together.

" Justinian ’ s Code, published about 100 years later, comprised both ius, " law as an interpretive discipline ", and leges, " the primary legislation upon which the interpretation was based.

As stated in Seaboard and numerous other cases, the two primary reasons for the enactment of section 203 of the United States Code were to prevent the Government from having to deal with more than one claimant and to prevent the assignment of meretricious claims on a contingent-fee basis.

These sets were expanded in 1963 to 7 bits of coding, called the American Standard Code for Information Interchange ( ASCII ) as the Federal Information Processing Standard which replaced the incompatible teleprinter codes in use by different branches of the U. S. government.

During the Second World War, Bletchley Park was the site of the United Kingdom's main decryption establishment, the Government Code and Cypher School ( GC & CS ), where ciphers and codes of several Axis countries were decrypted, most importantly the ciphers generated by the German Enigma and Lorenz machines.

Code words were chosen for various reasons: length, pronounceability, etc.

These continental codes were all composed in Latin, whilst Anglo-Saxon was used for those of England, beginning with the Code of Ethelbert of Kent ( 602 ).

Included in that collection were “ Judgment Night ” ( first published in August and September, 1943 ), the lush rendering of a future galactic empire with a sober meditation on the nature of power and its inevitable loss ; “ The Code ” ( July, 1945 ), an homage to the classic Faust with modern theories and Lovecraftian dread ; “ Promised Land ” ( February, 1950 ) and “ Heir Apparent ” ( July, 1950 ) both documenting the grim twisting that mankind must undergo in order to spread into the solar system ; and “ Paradise Street ” ( September, 1950 ), a futuristic take on the Old West conflict between lone hunter and wilderness-taming settlers.

Members of the band and others in the chain of distribution were charged with violating the California Penal Code on a misdemeanor charge carrying a maximum penalty of up to a year in county jail and a base fine of up to $ 2, 000.

The UK communications regulator Ofcom later found that the episodes depicting the storyline were in breach of the 2005 Broadcasting Code.

In terms of content, enforcement of the Production Code ensured that no film character could literally get away with murder or be seen sharing a bed with anyone but a spouse ; within those bounds, however, many films now identified as noir feature plot elements and dialogue that were very risqué for the time.

His propositions of legal reform ( which were not established in his life time ), though, are considered to have been one of the influences behind the Napoleonic Code, and therefore could show some resemblance with or influence in the drafting of other liberal constitutions that came in the centuries after Bacon's lifetime, such as the American.

Although much of his legal reform proposals were not established in his life time, his legal legacy was considered by the magazine New Scientist, in a publication of 1961, as having influenced the drafting of the Code Napoleon, and the law reforms introduced by Sir Robert Peel.

One of the first written laws in the world, the Code of Hammurabi was inscribed on a stele and placed in a public place so that all could see it, although it is thought that few were literate.

Until 2007, the California Penal Code Section 26 stated that " Idiots " were one of six types of people who are not capable of committing crimes.

The English king Æthelred the Unready set up an early legal system through the Wantage Code of Ethelred, one provision of which stated that the twelve leading thegns ( minor nobles ) of each wapentake ( a small district ) were required to swear that they would investigate crimes without a bias.

That legislation, contained at section 1956 of Title 18 of the United States Code, prohibits individuals from engaging in a financial transaction with proceeds that were generated from certain specific crimes, known as " specified unlawful activities " ( SUAs ).

* In 2006, the Turkish government prosecuted Fatih Tas, owner of the Aram editorial house, two editors and the translator of the revised ( 2001 ) edition of Manufacturing Consent for " stirring hatred among the public " ( per Article 216 of the Turkish Penal Code ) and for " denigrating the national identity " of Turkey ( per Article 301 ), because that edition ’ s introduction addresses the Turkish news media ’ s reportage of governmental suppression of the Kurdish populace in the 1990s ; they were acquitted.

These reforms included guarantees to ensure the Ottoman subjects perfect security for their lives, honour, and property ; the introduction of the first Ottoman paper banknotes ( 1840 ) and opening of the first post offices ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the finance system according to the French model ( 1840 ); the reorganization of the Civil and Criminal Code according to the French model ( 1840 ); the establishment of the Meclis-i Maarif-i Umumiye ( 1841 ) which was the prototype of the First Ottoman Parliament ( 1876 ); the reorganization of the army and a regular method of recruiting, levying the army, and fixing the duration of military service ( 1843 – 44 ); the adoption of an Ottoman national anthem and Ottoman national flag ( 1844 ); the first nationwide Ottoman census in 1844 ( only male citizens were counted ); the first national identity cards ( officially named the Mecidiye identity papers, or informally kafa kağıdı ( head paper ) documents, 1844 ); the institution of a Council of Public Instruction ( 1845 ) and the Ministry of Education ( Mekatib-i Umumiye Nezareti, 1847, which later became the Maarif Nezareti, 1857 ); the abolition of slavery and slave trade ( 1847 ); the establishment of the first modern universities ( darülfünun, 1848 ), academies ( 1848 ) and teacher schools ( darülmuallimin, 1848 ); establishment of the Ministry of Healthcare ( Tıbbiye Nezareti, 1850 ); the Commerce and Trade Code ( 1850 ); establishment of the Academy of Sciences ( Encümen-i Daniş, 1851 ); establishment of the Şirket-i Hayriye which operated the first steam-powered commuter ferries ( 1851 ); the first European style courts ( Meclis-i Ahkam-ı Adliye, 1853 ) and supreme judiciary council ( Meclis-i Ali-yi Tanzimat, 1853 ); establishment of the modern Municipality of Istanbul ( Şehremaneti, 1854 ) and the City Planning Council ( İntizam-ı Şehir Komisyonu, 1855 ); the abolition of the capitation ( Jizya ) tax on non-Muslims, with a regular method of establishing and collecting taxes ( 1856 ); non-Muslims were allowed to become soldiers ( 1856 ); various provisions for the better administration of the public service and advancement of commerce ; the establishment of the first telegraph networks ( 1847 – 1855 ) and railroads ( 1856 ); the replacement of guilds with factories ; the establishment of the Ottoman Central Bank ( originally established as the Bank-ı Osmanî in 1856, and later reorganized as the Bank-ı Osmanî-i Şahane in 1863 ) and the Ottoman Stock Exchange ( Dersaadet Tahvilat Borsası, established in 1866 ); the Land Code ( Arazi Kanunnamesi, 1857 ); permission for private sector publishers and printing firms with the Serbesti-i Kürşad Nizamnamesi ( 1857 ); establishment of the School of Economical and Political Sciences ( Mekteb-i Mülkiye, 1859 ); the Press and Journalism Regulation Code ( Matbuat Nizamnamesi, 1864 ); among others.

Earlier modes were telegraphy ( Morse Code ), teleprinter ( Baudot ) and facsimile.