The owner of a public relations firm owed no income tax on payments he received from a client company and `` kicked back '' to the company's advertising manager, the Tax Court ruled.

* 1690 – Job Charnock of the East India Company establishes a factory in Calcutta, an event formerly considered the founding of the city ( in 2003 the Calcutta High Court ruled that the city has no birthday ).

The Court also ruled that the Minister of Defense is constitutionally not entitled to act in terrorism matters, as this is the duty of the state and federal police forces.

The Supreme Court of North Carolina ruled that the defendant had voluntarily entered the guilty plea, with knowledge of what that meant.

Following this ruling, Alford petitioned for a writ of habeas corpus in the United States District Court for the Middle District of North Carolina, which upheld the initial ruling, and subsequently to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit which ruled that Alford's plea was not voluntary, because it was made under fear of the death penalty.

The Court ruled that the defendant can enter such a plea " when he concludes that his interests require a guilty plea and the record strongly indicates guilt.

The Court went on to note that even if the defendant could have shown that he would not have entered a guilty plea " but for " the rationale of receiving a lesser sentence, the plea itself would not have been ruled invalid.

The Court ruled, " Although an Alford plea allows a defendant to plead guilty amid assertions of innocence, it does not require a court to accept those assertions.

In March 2009, U. S. District Court Judge Panner ruled in favor of the Santo Daime, acknowledging its protection from prosecution under the Religious Freedom Restoration Act.

A U. N. Court ruled genocide did not take place, but recognized, " a systematic campaign of terror, including murders, rapes, arsons and severe maltreatments ".

A provincial court ruled that the Lord's Day Act was unconstitutional, but the Crown proceeded to appeal all the way to the Supreme Court of Canada.

On April 6, 2006, in a case arising from a game involving community college baseball teams, the Supreme Court of California ruled that baseball players in California assume the risk of being hit by baseballs even if the balls were intentionally thrown so as to cause injury.

The field of modern biotechnology is thought to have largely begun on June 16, 1980, when the United States Supreme Court ruled that a genetically modified microorganism could be patented in the case of Diamond v. Chakrabarty.

Late in 1971, BJU filed suit to prevent the IRS from taking its tax exemption, but in 1974, in Bob Jones University v. Simon, the U. S. Supreme Court ruled that the university did not have standing to sue until the IRS actually assessed taxes.

In December 1978, the federal district court ruled in the university's favor ; two years later, that decision was overturned by the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals.

The case was heard on October 12, 1982, and on May 24, 1983, the U. S. Supreme Court ruled against Bob Jones University in Bob Jones University v. United States ( 461 U. S. 574 ).

It is currently ruled by Cameroon following the transfer of sovereignty from neighbouring Nigeria as a result of a judgment by the International Court of Justice.

The Supreme Court let a 9th circuit decision stand, and Data General was eventually forced into licensing the Operating System software because it was ruled that restricting the license to only DG hardware was an illegal tying arrangement.

In a landmark case, the European Court of Justice ( ECJ ) ruled on 5 July 1994 against the British practice of importing produce from northern Cyprus based on certificates of origin and phytosanitary certificates granted by the de facto authorities.

Those dates were chosen because in 1954 the U. S. Supreme Court ruled that racial segregation in schools was unlawful and 1968 is the year of Martin Luther King's assassination.

On January 27, 2009, in a lawsuit involving an accidental injury sustained during a cheerleading practice, the Wisconsin Supreme Court ruled that cheerleading is a full-contact sport in that state.

Civil liberties groups challenged the law under the First Amendment and in 1997 the Supreme Court ruled in their favor.

In May 2010, the Washington State Supreme Court provided an opinion after it was asked to certify a question referred by the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Washington: “ Whether a public library, consistent with Article I, § 5 of the Washington Constitution, may filter Internet access for all patrons without disabling Web sites containing constitutionally-protected speech upon the request of an adult library patron .” The Washington State Supreme Court ruled that NCRL ’ s internet filtering policy did not violate Article I, Section 5 of the Washington State Constitution.

In October 2006, Federal District Court Judge Charles Breyer found in favor of the plaintiffs and remanded the Plan to the U. S. Forest Service "… so that a proper Monument Plan can be developed in accordance with the Presidential Proclamation ,… and in compliance with the National Environmental Policy Act ( NEPA )…"

( Article VI of the U. S. Constitution states that "… all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land …" and that "… all executive and judicial Officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by Oath or Affirmation, to support this Constitution …", while Article III states that the judicial power of the US Supreme Court extends to " all … Treaties made ".

* 1905 – The Supreme Court of the United States decides Lochner v. New York which holds that the " right to free contract " is implicit in the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution.

With the bookstacks in the central courtyard of the museum empty, the process of demolition for Lord Foster's glass-roofed Great Court could begin.

* Willfully disobeys a process or order of the Court

Because of Supreme Court precedent, this process is all considered part of a single proceeding.

The Supreme Court of California, in affirming the disbarment, held that Rosenthal engaged in transactions involving undisclosed conflicts of interest, took positions adverse to his former clients, overstated expenses, double-billed for legal fees, failed to return client files, failed to provide access to records, failed to give adequate legal advice, failed to provide clients with an opportunity to obtain independent counsel, filed fraudulent claims, gave false testimony, engaged in conduct designed to harass his clients, delayed court proceedings, obstructed justice and abused legal process.

In April 2006, Margaret Witt, a major in the United States Air Force who was being investigated for homosexuality filed suit in the United States District Court for the Western District of Washington seeking declaratory and injunctive relief on the grounds that DADT violates substantive due process, the Equal Protection Clause, and procedural due process.

Earlier, in November 2004, Congress replaced the majority of judges on the country's Electoral Court and Constitutional Court by a similar process.

They are the final stage of any judicial process serving as a Court of Cassation and create binding precedent based on Triple Reiterative Rulings from the Chambers of the Court.

In 2001, the Nevada Supreme Court found that their state's abolition of the defense was unconstitutional as a violation of Federal due process.

The United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit found the process violated the employees ' privacy rights and has issued a preliminary injunction.

Lord Denning, first of the High Court of Justice, later of the Court of Appeal, provided a famous example of this evolutionary process in his development of the concept of estoppel starting in the High Trees case: Central London Property Trust Ltd v. High Trees House Ltd K. B.

" Congress, possessing exclusive power over the amending process, cannot be bound by and is under no duty to accept the pronouncements upon that exclusive power by this Court.

The Court concluded that limits on campaign contributions " serve the basic governmental interest in safeguarding the integrity of the electoral process without directly impinging upon the rights of individual citizens and candidates to engage in political debate and discussion.

As the Court said in Herrera v. Collins,, which involved the murder of a police officer, " the Eighth Amendment requires increased reliability of the process ..."

By the 1960s, the Court had extended its interpretation of substantive due process to include rights and freedoms that are not specifically mentioned in the Constitution but that, according to the Court, extend or derive from existing rights.

The Court has also significantly expanded the reach of procedural due process, requiring some sort of hearing before the government may terminate civil service employees, expel a student from public school, or cut off a welfare recipient's benefits.

In Brushaber v. Union Pacific Railroad,, the Supreme Court ruled that ( 1 ) the Sixteenth Amendment removes the Pollock requirement that certain income taxes ( such as taxes on income " derived from real property " that were the subject of the Pollock decision ), be apportioned among the states according to population ; ( 2 ) the federal income tax statute does not violate the Fifth Amendment's prohibition against the government taking property without due process of law ; ( 3 ) the federal income tax statute does not violate the Article I, Section 8, Clause 1 requirement that excises, also known as indirect taxes, be imposed with geographical uniformity.

While the Chief Justice is appointed by the President, there is no specific constitutional prohibition against using another method to select the Chief Justice from among those Justices properly appointed and confirmed to the Supreme Court, and at least one scholar has proposed that presidential appointment should be done away with, and replaced by a process that permits the Justices to select their own Chief Justice.

The bill-tabled by Independent MP Ralph Regenvanu and supported by Prime Minister Edward Natapei and opposition leader Maxime Carlot Korman-committed Vanuatu to recognising West Papua's independence ; to seeking observer status for West Papua in the Melanesian Spearhead Group and in the Pacific Islands Forum ; and to " request Nations General Assembly support for the International Court of Justice to provide an advisory opinion on the process in which the former Netherlands New Guinea was ceded to Indonesia in the 1960s ".

The transcripts from the Borgarting Court of Appeal, published in the Norwegian newspaper VG, contain the following description of the process which led to the release of DeCSS: