The owner of a public relations firm owed no income tax on payments he received from a client company and `` kicked back '' to the company's advertising manager, the Tax Court ruled.

* 1690 – Job Charnock of the East India Company establishes a factory in Calcutta, an event formerly considered the founding of the city ( in 2003 the Calcutta High Court ruled that the city has no birthday ).

The Court also ruled that the Minister of Defense is constitutionally not entitled to act in terrorism matters, as this is the duty of the state and federal police forces.

The Supreme Court of North Carolina ruled that the defendant had voluntarily entered the guilty plea, with knowledge of what that meant.

Following this ruling, Alford petitioned for a writ of habeas corpus in the United States District Court for the Middle District of North Carolina, which upheld the initial ruling, and subsequently to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit which ruled that Alford's plea was not voluntary, because it was made under fear of the death penalty.

The Court ruled that the defendant can enter such a plea " when he concludes that his interests require a guilty plea and the record strongly indicates guilt.

The Court went on to note that even if the defendant could have shown that he would not have entered a guilty plea " but for " the rationale of receiving a lesser sentence, the plea itself would not have been ruled invalid.

The Court ruled, " Although an Alford plea allows a defendant to plead guilty amid assertions of innocence, it does not require a court to accept those assertions.

In March 2009, U. S. District Court Judge Panner ruled in favor of the Santo Daime, acknowledging its protection from prosecution under the Religious Freedom Restoration Act.

A U. N. Court ruled genocide did not take place, but recognized, " a systematic campaign of terror, including murders, rapes, arsons and severe maltreatments ".

A provincial court ruled that the Lord's Day Act was unconstitutional, but the Crown proceeded to appeal all the way to the Supreme Court of Canada.

On April 6, 2006, in a case arising from a game involving community college baseball teams, the Supreme Court of California ruled that baseball players in California assume the risk of being hit by baseballs even if the balls were intentionally thrown so as to cause injury.

The field of modern biotechnology is thought to have largely begun on June 16, 1980, when the United States Supreme Court ruled that a genetically modified microorganism could be patented in the case of Diamond v. Chakrabarty.

Late in 1971, BJU filed suit to prevent the IRS from taking its tax exemption, but in 1974, in Bob Jones University v. Simon, the U. S. Supreme Court ruled that the university did not have standing to sue until the IRS actually assessed taxes.

In December 1978, the federal district court ruled in the university's favor ; two years later, that decision was overturned by the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals.

The case was heard on October 12, 1982, and on May 24, 1983, the U. S. Supreme Court ruled against Bob Jones University in Bob Jones University v. United States ( 461 U. S. 574 ).

It is currently ruled by Cameroon following the transfer of sovereignty from neighbouring Nigeria as a result of a judgment by the International Court of Justice.

The Supreme Court let a 9th circuit decision stand, and Data General was eventually forced into licensing the Operating System software because it was ruled that restricting the license to only DG hardware was an illegal tying arrangement.

In a landmark case, the European Court of Justice ( ECJ ) ruled on 5 July 1994 against the British practice of importing produce from northern Cyprus based on certificates of origin and phytosanitary certificates granted by the de facto authorities.

Those dates were chosen because in 1954 the U. S. Supreme Court ruled that racial segregation in schools was unlawful and 1968 is the year of Martin Luther King's assassination.

On January 27, 2009, in a lawsuit involving an accidental injury sustained during a cheerleading practice, the Wisconsin Supreme Court ruled that cheerleading is a full-contact sport in that state.

Civil liberties groups challenged the law under the First Amendment and in 1997 the Supreme Court ruled in their favor.

In May 2010, the Washington State Supreme Court provided an opinion after it was asked to certify a question referred by the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Washington: “ Whether a public library, consistent with Article I, § 5 of the Washington Constitution, may filter Internet access for all patrons without disabling Web sites containing constitutionally-protected speech upon the request of an adult library patron .” The Washington State Supreme Court ruled that NCRL ’ s internet filtering policy did not violate Article I, Section 5 of the Washington State Constitution.

Mr. Bourcier said that he had consulted several Superior Court justices in the last week and received opinions favoring both procedures.

Once the proposal is accepted by both the creditors and the Court, the debtor makes the payments to the Proposal Administrator each month ( or as otherwise stipulated in their proposal ), and the general creditors are prevented from taking any further legal or collection action.

Patasse has been found guilty of major crimes in Bangui and CAR has brought a case to the International Criminal Court against him and Jean Pierre Bemba from the neighbouring Democratic Republic of Congo accusing them both of multiple crimes in suppressing one of the mutinies against Patasse.

* took a strong line on the right of return for refugees to properties vacated in the 1974 displacement of Cypriots on both sides, which was based on both UN Resolutions and decisions of the European Court of Human Rights ;

In its sentence from September 1997, the International Court of Justice stated that both sides breached their obligation and that the 1977 Budapest Treaty is still valid.

In antiquity, the Sanhedrin functioned essentially as the Supreme Court and legislature for Judaism, and had the power to administer binding law, including both received law and its own Rabbinic decrees, on all Jews — rulings of the Sanhedrin became Halakha ; see Oral law.

The differences between this court and the House of Lords are that in the House all of the peers are judges of both law and fact, whereas in the Court the Lord High Steward is the sole judge of fact and the peers decide the facts only ; and the bishops are not entitled to sit and vote in the Court.

* 1921 – Former U. S. President William Howard Taft is sworn in as 10th Chief Justice of the U. S. Supreme Court, becoming the only person to ever be both President and Chief Justice.

In Beacon Theaters v. Westover,, the US Supreme Court discussed the right to a jury, holding that when both equitable and legal claims are brought, the right to a jury trial still exists for the legal claim, which would be decided by a jury before the judge ruled on the equitable claim.

The supreme courts of both states objected, including this statement from the Massachusetts General Court:

These were of the nature of both a treaty and constitution which contained minority rights clauses that provided for the right of petition and adjudication by the International Court.

The highest court, the Constitutional Court, has both original and appellate jurisdiction.

* 1998 – Gay rights: Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services: The Supreme Court of the United States rules that federal laws banning on-the-job sexual harassment also apply when both parties are the same sex.

The Court, with John Marshall as Chief Justice, found firstly that Madison's refusal to deliver the commission was both illegal and remediable.

According to professor A. V. Dicey in An Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution, the essential features of a federal constitution are: a ) A written supreme constitution in order to prevent disputes between the jurisdictions of the Federal and State authorities ; b ) A distribution of power between the Federal and State governments and c ) A Supreme Court vested with the power to interpret the Constitution and enforce the law of the land remaining independent of both the executive and legislative branches.

Under the Constitution, in assuming office the President must subscribe to a formal declaration, made publicly and in the presence of members of both Houses of the Oireachtas, judges of the Supreme Court and the High Court, and other " public personages ".

Impeachment can be pronounced by the High Court, a special court convened from both houses of Parliament on the proposal of either House, should the president have failed to discharge his duties in a way that evidently precludes the continuation of his term.

The court system inaugurated by Congress included a Supreme Court consisting of a chief justice appointed by the president and four associate justices, elected by a joint ballot of both houses of Congress for four-year terms and eligible for re-election.

Svalbard is subordinate to Nord-Troms District Court and Hålogaland Court of Appeal, both located in Tromsø.

Other states ' supreme courts have used the term " Appeals ": New Jersey's supreme courts under the 1844 constitution and Delaware's supreme court were both the " Court of Errors and Appeals "; The term " Errors " refers to the now-obsolete writ of error, which was used by state supreme courts to correct certain types of egregious errors committed by lower courts.

In the case of proposed Quebec separation from Canada the Supreme Court of Canada in 1998 ruled that only both a clear majority of the province and a constitutional amendment confirmed by all participants in the Canadian federation could allow secession.