In the 12th century the coasts of western Scandinavia were plundered by Curonians and Oeselians from the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea.

The latter were referred as Curonians, together with the Balts living there.

Sigurd Ring ( Sigurðr ) was not there, since he had to defend his land, Sweden ( Svíþjóð ), since Curonians ( Kúrir ) and Kvens ( Kvænir ) were raiding there.

The text suggests that the Curonians and Kvens were co-operating, although their simultaneous attack may be understood as a coincidence.

The Curonians were a Baltic people living in present-day Latvia.

Samogitians lived in western Lithuania and were closely related to Semigallians and Curonians.

The Curonians or Kurs ( Curonian: Kursi ; ; ; ; ; ) were a Baltic tribe living on the shores of the Baltic Sea in what are now the western parts of Latvia and Lithuania from the 5th to the 16th centuries, when they merged with other Baltic tribes.

The Curonians were known as fierce warriors, excellent sailors and pirates.

:" Sigurd Ring ( Sigurðr ) was not there, since he had to defend his land, Sweden ( Svíþjóð ), since Curonians ( Kúrir ) and Kvens ( Kvænir ) were raiding there.

The Curonians were an especially religious people, worshipping pagan gods and their sacred animal, the horse.

In the same time, according to the Livonian Rhymed Chronicle, Curonians and Samogitians were known as " bad neighbours ".

There are many sources that mention the Curonians in the 13th century, when they were involved in the Northern Crusades.

In 1210 the Curonians, with eight ships, were attacked by a German crusader fleet on the Baltic Sea, near the coast of Gotland.

However, after a day of fighthing, the Curonians were unable to break through the city walls.

After the defeat of Estonians and Osilians in 1227, the Curonians were confronted by Lithuanian enemies in the east and south, and harassed by the Livonian Brothers of the Sword from the north ; in the west, on the sea-shore, their arch-enemies, the Danes and Swedes, were lurking, waiting for opportunity.

Later, the Order tried to use the Curonian cavalry in the Prussian Crusade, but Curonians were reluctant in this forced cooperation and used the situation for revolts in several cases.

In 1260, the Curonians were involved in the Battle of Durbe, one of the biggest battles in Livonia in the 13th century.

The Curonians were exposed to the landhungry appetite of the Christian settlers.

When the Curonians saw that the Swedes were about to resume their attack, they gave up and offered to the Swedes all the gold, silver, and weapons that they had taken from the Danes the previous year.

They were joined by scores of Norwegians, Finns, Estonians, Curonians, Bjarmians, Livonians, Saxons, Angles, Frisians, Irish, Rus ' etc ... All picking their sides.

:" Sigurd Ring ( Sigurðr ) was not there, since he had to defend his land, Sweden ( Svíþjóð ), since Curonians ( Kúrir ) and Kvens ( Kvænir ) were raiding there.

The Curonians had a huge cultural influence upon Samogitian and Lithuanian culture, but they were ultimately assimilated by the 16th century.

The German crusaders enlisted newly baptised Livonian warriors to participate in their campaigns against Latgallians and Selonians ( 1208 – 1209 ), Estonians ( 1208 – 1227 ) and against Semigallians, Samogitians and Curonians ( 1219 – 1290 ).

The Brethren of the Sword, a German military order, subdued the Curonians and converted them to Christianity in the first quarter of the 13th century.

In the 19th century the Curonian Spit was inhabited primarily by Curonians ( Kursenieki ) with a significant German minority in the south and a Lithuanian minority in the north.

The population of Curonians eventually dwindled due to assimilation and other reasons ; it is close to non-existent these days and even before 1945, when the spit had become totally ethnic German.

This division of medieval Livonia was created by Papal Legate William of Modena in 1228 as a compromise between the church and the Livonian Brothers of the Sword, both factions led by Germans, after the German knights had conquered and subdued the territories of several indigenous tribes: Finnic-speaking Estonians and Livs, and Baltic-speaking Latgalians, Selonians, Semigallians and Curonians.

The territory of the Balts, including modern Lithuania, was once inhabited by several Baltic tribal entities ( Aukštaitians, Sudovians, Old Lithuanians, Curonians, Semigallians, Selonians, Samogitians, Skalvians, Old Prussians ( Nadruvians )), as attested by ancient sources and dating from prehistoric times.

Some of the most important written sources about the Curonians are Rimbert's Vita Ansgarii, the Chronicle of Henry of Livonia, the Livländische Reimchronik, Egils Saga, and Saxo Grammaticus's Gesta Danorum.

Albert, bishop of Riga ( or Prince-Bishop of Livonia ), founded the Brotherhood to aid the Bishopric of Riga in the conversion of the pagan Curonians, Livonians, Semigallians, and Latgalians living on the shores of the Gulf of Riga.

The east Baltic world was transformed by military conquest: first the Livs, Latgallians and Estonians, then the Semigallians, Curonians, Prussians and the Finns underwent defeat, baptism, military occupation and sometimes extermination by groups of Danes, Germans and Swedes.

Although the Curonians had attacked Riga in 1201 and 1210, Albert of Buxhoeveden, considering Courland a tributary of Valdemar II of Denmark, had been reluctant to conduct a large scale campaign against them.

They defeated the Curonians as far south as Embūte, near the contemporary border with Lithuania, and founded their main fortress at Kuldīga.

At the Battle of Durbe in 1260 a force of Samogitians and Curonians overpowered the united forces of the Livonian and Teutonic Orders ; over the following years, however, the Crusaders gradually subjugated the Curonians, and in 1267 concluded the peace treaty stipulating the obligations and the rights of their defeated rivals.

It was the time of rapid expansion of the Vikings in Northern Europe ; England began to pay Danegeld in 859, and the Curonians of Grobin faced an invasion by the Swedes at about the same date.

* Estonians, Curonians and Karelians destroy Sigtuna and kill the archbishop.

* 1260 – The Baltic Samogatians and Curonians defeat the Teutonic knights in the Battle of Durbe.

* Battle of Durbe: The Baltic Samogitians and Curonians defeat the Teutonic Knights.

In ancient times the Curonians, a pagan tribe, inhabited Courland.

The Curonian language (; ; ), or Old Curonian, is a nearly unattested, extinct language spoken by the Curonians, a Baltic tribe who inhabited the Courland peninsula ( now western Latvia ) and the nearby Baltic shore.

Self-denomination of Curonians, kure, means ' crane ' in Estonian.

Samogitians are closely related with Curonians and Prussians they share similar language and culture.

The original subethnic Samogitia, i. e. the Central Lithuania's flat burial grounds culture, was formed as early as the 5th-6th centuries, whereas the Western part of historical Samogitia became ethnically Lithuanian between the 13th-16th centuries, – before that time it was inhabited by southern Semigallians and southern Curonians.

* The fourth book, " On Estonia " describes events between 1208 and 1226: the campaigns against Estonian counties, the conquest of the Principality of Jersika, the wars with Curonians, Semigallians, Lithuanians and Princes of Pskow and Novgorod.

Having been reorganised as a subdivision of the Teutonic Order and renamed the Livonian Order in 1237, the former Knights of the Sword finally overpowered the Curonians in 1267, and subsequently the Semigallians in 1290.