During the French Mandate and after the independence the parliamentary elections in Syria have been held under a system similar to the Lebanese one, with fixed representation for every religious community, including Druzes, Alawis and Christians.

* The Druzes and the Maronites under the Turkish Rule from 1840 to 1860 Cornell University Library Historical Monographs Collection.

The earliest sense of a modern Lebanese identity is to be found in the writings of historians in the early nineteenth century, when, under the emirate of the Shihabs, a Lebanese identity emerged, " separate and distinct from the rest of Syria, bringing the Maronites and Druzes, along with its other Christian and Moslem sects, under one government.

" The first coherent history of Mount Lebanon was written by Tannus al-Shidyaq ( died 1861 ) who depicted the country as a feudal association of Maronites, Druzes, Melkites, Sunnis and Shi ' ites under the leadership of the Shihab emirs.

Druzes and Christians grouped in political rather than religious parties so the party lines in Lebanon obliterated racial and religious lines and the people grouped themselves regardless of their religious affiliations, into one or the other of these two parties.

Because of their fierce battles with the Crusaders, the Druzes earned the respect of the Sunni Muslim Caliphs and thus gained important political powers.

The Druzes and their Christian Maronite neighbors, who had thus far lived as religious communities on friendly terms, entered a period of social disturbance in the year 1840, which culminated in the civil war of 1860.

His idea of secular pan-Syrianism also proved attractive to many Druzes and Shiites ; to Christians other than the Greek Orthodox, including some Maronites who were disaffected by both Lebanism and Arabism ; and also to many Sunnite Muslims who set a high value on secularism, and who felt that they had far more in common with their fellow Syrians of whatever religion or denomination than with fellow Sunnite or Muslim Arabs elsewhere.

Although both sides suffered, about 10, 000 Maronites were massacred at the hands of the Druzes.

* Christians and Druzes clash in Damascus, Syria.

As for Western sources, Benjamin of Tudela, the Jewish traveler who passed through Lebanon in or about 1165, was one of the first European writers to refer to the Druzes by name.

The word Dogziyin (" Druzes ") occurs in an early Hebrew edition of his travels, but it is clear that this is a scribal error.

Having consolidated his conquests in Syria ( 1831 – 38 ), Ibrahim Pasha, son of the viceroy of Egypt, Muhammad Ali Pasha, made the fatal mistake of trying to disarm the Christians and Druzes of the Lebanon and to draft the latter into his army.

Many Yemenite Druzes thereupon immigrated to the Hawran region and thus laid the foundation of Druze power there.

The movement culminated with the 1859 – 60 massacre and defeat of the Christians by the Druzes.

A majority of the Syrian troops were of rural background and minority ethnic origin, mainly Alawis, Druzes, Kurds, and Circassians.

* October 5 – Austria, Britain, France, Prussia and the Ottoman Empire form a commission to investigate the causes of the massacres of Maronite Christians, committed by Druzes in Lebanon earlier in the year.

Like the Druzes, who also had a special status before the end of World War I, the Alawis had a strained relationship with the Ottoman overlords.

A keen Catholic opposition sprang up, voiced in Louis Veuillot's paper the Univers, and was not silenced even by the Syrian expedition ( 1860 ) in favour of the Catholic Maronites, who were being persecuted by the Druzes.

There were also sizable Muslim communities of Twelver Shias, Druzes, and Nusayris.

* Vitus-Gray-Balianus B — A planet inhabited by people of the Amoiete Spectrum Helix, a religion that allows non-traditional marriages, including those having more than two people ; they are organized on the basis of colors, somewhat like the Druzes do.

There were an estimated 300 Druzes living there.

Its ranks included mainly Syrians, Lebanese, Palestinian Arabs and Druzes and a few hundreds of Iraqis, Transjordanians, Muslim Brothers from Egypt and Circassians.

No Druzes live here.

The Druzes in the Jewish State: A Brief History.

Activity in missionary work, especially in alleviating the distresses of the victims of the Druzes, soon brought him prominently into notice.

This time the prince decided to remain in Lebanon and resist the offensive, but the death of his son Ali in Wadi al-Taym was the beginning of his defeat.

As early as the days of Saladin, and while the Ma ' ans were still in complete control over southern Lebanon, the Shihab tribe, originally Hijaz Arabs but later settled in Ḥawran, advanced from Ḥawran, in 1172, and settled in Wadi al-Taym at the foot of mount Hermon.

They soon made an alliance with the Ma ' ans and were acknowledged as the Druze chiefs in Wadi al-Taym.

They originally lived in the Hawran region of southwestern Syria and settled in Wadi al-Taym in southern Lebanon.

He defeated the Mamluk army at the Battle of Wadi al-Khazandar in 1299, but was only briefly able to occupy Syria, due to distracting raids from the Chagatai Khanate, under its de facto ruler Kaidu, who was at war with both the Ilkhans and the Yuan Dynasty.

Realizing they would take some time to arrive, Gordon pressed for him to send forward a " flying column " of camel-borne troops across the Bayyudah Desert from Wadi Halfa under the command of Brigadier-General Sir Herbert Stuart.

Areas under this ward are Byculla, parts of Reay Road, West Sane Guruji Marg, Jahangir Boman Behram Marg, Sukhalaji Street, Dattaram Lad Marg, South Ramchandra Bhatt Marg, Wadi Bunder and Maulana Shaukataii Road.

Many of the soldiers in WW2 fought under Montgomery at the Battle of El Alamein and Wadi Akrit where their commanding officer Lorne Campbell won a V. C.

After first advising Murray, at 16: 30 Dobell issued orders for the withdrawal to the left bank of the Wadi Ghuzzeh of the 53rd ( Welsh ) and 54th ( East Anglian ) Divisions under the command of Dallas.

The Great Rock stela of Ramesses IV at Wadi Hammamat records that the largest expedition — dated to his Year 3, third month of Shemu day 27 — consisted of 8, 368 men alone including 5, 000 soldiers, 2, 000 personnel of the Amun temples, 800 Apiru and 130 stonemasons and quarrymen under the personal command of the High Priest of Amun, Ramessesnakht.

An inscription in the Wadi Hamamat describes the expedition as being 8000 men strong and under the command of the steward Henenu.

It consists of Telephone Coloney ( Near Quarsi Chauraha ), Firdaus Nagar, Pratibha colony ( Behind-Banna Devi Police Station ), Church Compound, Vishnupuri, Jamalpur, Hamdard Nagar Block-A, B, C & D, Tayyab Colony, Lal Diggi Road, Begam Bagh, Anwar ul-Huda Compound, Pan Wali Kothi, Bargad House, Habib Painter Park Azim Compound, Zakaria Market, Dhorra Mafi, Sir Syed Nagar, Iqra Colony, Wadi-e-Ismail, Shibli Bagh, Kabir Colony, Friends Colony, New Jamalpur, Badar Bagh, Habib Bagh, Bhamola, Zohrabagh, Ghalib Bagh, Anwar Villa Colony, Dodhpur, Shabistan Compound, Jeevangarh, Kela Nagar, Firdaus Nagar, Firdous Complex, Kabir Colony, Janakpuri, Niranjan Puri ( Navada ), Prag Sarover, Gyan Sarover, Maan Sarover, Shanti Sarovar, Avantika-1 And 2, Quarsi, Kishanpur, Rambagh Colony Gali, Swarna Jayanti Nagar, Shatabdi Nagar, Surendra Nagar, Mahendra Nagar, Naurangabad, Jawalapuri, Shyam Nagar, Janakpuri, Vikram Colony, Medical Colony, Lekhraj Nagar, Ramesh Vihar Colony, Durga Badi, Marris Road, Vidhya Nagar, Ram Krishna Puram, Jaiganj and Sasni Gate, Amir Nisha, Noor Bagh, Hathi Dooba, Ahmad Nagar, Wadi e Ismail.

From the time of the First dynasty or before, the Egyptians mined turquoise in Sinai at two locations, now called by their Arabic names Wadi Maghareh and Serabit el-Khadim.

They were defeated by the Mongols and their Christian allies at the Battle of Wadi al-Khazandar in 1299, but soon after that the Mamluks defeated the Mongols again in 1303 / 1304 and 1312.

The Ottomans made their camp beyond the Wadi and on the other side of the Tigris opposite the Wadi.

The Ottomans then made their camp upstream of the Wadi at the Hanna defile, a narrow strip of dry land between the Tigris and the Suwaikiya Marshes.

Cooperate to build water storage on the Jordan River, along their common boundary, between the Yarmouk River and Wadi Yabis / Tirat Zvi, to implement paragraph 2. b of Article I.

After their retreat from El Arish, the Ottoman garrison withdrew down the Wadi el Arish south east of El Arish, to Magdhaba and Abu Aweigila, about another further away from the coast, on the banks of the wadi.

At this time, an aerial report described small groups of the Magdhaba garrison beginning to retreat, and as a result the still-mounted reserve ; the 1st Light Horse Brigade, was ordered to move directly on the town, passing the dismounted Imperial Camel Corps Brigade battalions on their way. After meeting severe shrapnel fire as they trotted over the open plain, they were forced to take cover in the Wadi el Arish where they dismounted, continuing their advance at 10: 30 against the Ottoman left.

Ali's force threatened Medina, Abdullah operated from Wadi Ais harassing Ottoman communications and capturing their supplies, and Faisal based his force at Wejh.

At 14: 45 an Ottoman machine gun officer and three Germans, who had been captured by a troop of Wellington Mounted Rifles Regiment, stated that their 160th Regiment had left Shellal on the Wadi Ghuzzeh when the attack began, with the intention of reinforcing the Rafa garrison.

After their losses in the Battle of Rafa, Ottoman forces at first withdrew to Shellal but by 5 March they were found to be withdrawing to the north and north east, back to Gaza and Tell esh Sheria where the railway to Beersheba crossed the Wadi esh Sheria.

Ibn Dir ' is said to have been a relative of Mani ' Al-Mraydi, and Mani's clan is believed to have left the area of Wadi Hanifa at some unknown date and were merely returning to their country of origin.

Ignoring the danger of spreading out his army in the mountains where leading elements might be subject to enemy ambush in narrow mountain passes, and his main force still far behind in Aruna, unable to come to their aid, Thutmose took the direct route through Wadi Ara.

Mohammed bin Awad bin Laden was born in 1908 on the Shafi ' i ( Sunni ) Hadhramaut coast of south Yemen to Awad bin Aboud bin Laden ( died 1919 ), a Kindite Hadhrami tribesman from al-Rubat, a village in the Wadi Doan in the Tarim Valley ; Mohammed's paternal grandfather was Aboud bin Laden, the grandson of Ali bin Laden, one of four brothers ( the others being Ahmed, Mansour, and Zaid ) from whom the four bin Laden clans trace their ancestry.

In recent years, some of the resettled Nubians have returned to their traditional territories around Abu Simbel and Wadi Halfa.

From their capital of Germa in the Wadi Ajal, the Garamantean Empire raided north to the sea and south into the Sahel.

Wadi Rum has been inhabited by many human cultures since prehistoric times, with many cultures – including the Nabateans – leaving their mark in the form of rock paintings, graffiti, and temples.

The village of Wadi Rum itself consists of several hundred Bedouin inhabitants with their goat-hair tents and concrete houses and also their four wheel vehicles, one school for boys and one for girls, a few shops, and the headquarters of the Desert Patrol.

Wadi Rum is home to the Zalabia Bedouin who, working with climbers and trekkers, have made a success of developing eco-adventure tourism, now their main source of income.

These wadis, as well as the Wadi Qaramogh, can transport considerable amounts of water after heavy rainfall, and large limestone blocks can be found in their lower courses.