After the Emperor had deposed the Guelph rulers of Saxony in 1180, Ascanians returned to rule the Duchy of Saxony, which had been reduced to its eastern half by the Emperor.

* Duchy and Electorate of Saxony: 1112, 1139 – 1142, 1180 – 1422

Carl Friedrich Gauss was born on 30 April 1777 in Braunschweig ( Brunswick ), in the Duchy of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel, now part of Lower Saxony, Germany, as the son of poor working-class parents.

Guldengroschen of Duchy of Saxony | Saxony, c. 1508-1525.

As the Welf duke Henry the Proud, son-in-law and heir of Lothair and the most powerful prince in Germany, who had been passed over in the election, refused to acknowledge the new king, Conrad III deprived him of all his territories, giving the Duchy of Saxony to Albert the Bear and that of Bavaria to Leopold IV, Margrave of Austria.

The town and castle changed ownership for a period afterwards and were part of the Duchy of Saxony until 1192, of the County of Holstein until 1217 and part of Denmark until the Battle of Bornhöved in 1227.

Otto I inherited the Duchy of Saxony and the kingship of the Germans upon the death of his father in 936.

After subjugation by the Emperor Charlemagne a political entity called the Duchy of Saxony appeared.

The rulers of Meissen acquired control of the Duchy of Saxony in 1423 and eventually applied the name Saxony to the whole of their kingdom.

The Empire also contained several regional powers, such as the Duchy of Bavaria, the Electorate of Saxony, the Margraviate of Brandenburg, the Electorate of the Palatinate, Landgraviate of Hesse, the Archbishopric of Trier and the Free Imperial City of Nuremberg ( containing from 500, 000 to one million inhabitants ).

On the other hand, Vratislaus supported the Magyars in their 915 campaign against the Duchy of Saxony under Duke Henry the Fowler.

* Frederick Barbarossa removes Henry the Lion from the Duchy of Saxony, and creates the Duchies of Westphalia and Styria.

* 1260 – The Duchy of Saxony is divided into Saxony-Lauenberg and Saxony-Wittenberg, marking the end of the first Saxon state.

For five generations, the House of Billung ruled the Duchy of Saxony.

In the 12th century, Mecklenburg and Vorpommern were conquered by Henry the Lion and incorporated into the Duchy of Saxony, joining the Holy Roman Empire in the 1180s.

Along with Eastphalia and Engern, Westphalia ( Westfalahi ) was originally a district of the Duchy of Saxony.

In response his failure to gain control over Saxony, Henry II promise to hold future peace negotiations and then headed for the Duchy of Bavaria.

With his successes and failures in Saxony and Bavaria, Henry II's claims depended on him gaining support in the Duchy of Franconia ( which was a direct possession of the German kings ).

Shortly beforehand, he gave his Tuscan Matildine lands to his son-in-law, Henry the Proud of Bavaria, and his last acts were to give him also the Duchy of Saxony and the imperial regalia.

As Henry the Proud, son-in-law and heir of Lothair and the most powerful prince in Germany, who had been passed over in the election, refused to do the same, Conrad deprived him of all his territories, giving the Duchy of Saxony to Albert the Bear and that of Bavaria to Leopold IV, Margrave of Austria.

With the French army insight, Otto II and Theophano fled to Cologne and then to the Duchy of Saxony.

* The Duchy of Saxony is divided into Saxony-Lauenberg and Saxony-Wittenberg, marking the end of the first Saxon state.

The term of Franconia () is today commonly used to refer to the eastern part of the historic Duchy of Franconia in Germany.

On November 13, 1945 the British general Colin Muir Barber and the Soviet general major Nikolay Grigoryevich Lyashchenko () signed the Barber Lyashchenko Agreement (, also Gadebusch Agreement ) in Gadebusch, redeploying some municipalities of the Duchy of Lauenburg District and neighbouring Mecklenburg, then part of the Soviet Zone of Occupation.

Nancy () is a city in the north-eastern French department of Meurthe-et-Moselle, and formerly the capital of the Duchy of Lorraine, and then the French province of the same name.

Historically the term guberniya () was used for the län / lääni in the Grand Duchy of Finland as a part of Russia from 1809 to 1917.

The flags of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg () and of the Kingdom of the Netherlands () are still distinguished only in the tint of their colours ( although the former is not derived from the latter ).

* Southern Jutland () – the area south of Northern Jutland, once equivalent to the Duchy of Schleswig, later ( after 1920 ) the northern part of the old Duchy of Schleswig, then nearly conterminous with the now defunct South Jutland County

The Duchy of Oldenburg () — named after its capital, the town of Oldenburg — was a state in the north-west of present-day Germany.

The title Count of Wisborg () is a noble title that has been granted by the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg to some former princes of Sweden and their descendants.

Kreis Birnbaum () from 1815 until 1920 was an administrative district ( Landkreis ) in the west of the Prussian Grand Duchy of Posen and the succeeding Province of Posen, part of Regierungsbezirk Posen.

Margrave () Aleksander Ignacy Jan-Kanty Wielopolski ( born 1803 in Sędziejowice, Kraków Department, Duchy of Warsaw, died 1877 in Dresden, Kingdom of Saxony, German Empire ) was a Polish aristocrat, owner of large estates, and the 13th lord of the manor of Pinczów.

Rhenish Hesse or Rhine-Hesse () refers to the part of the former Grand Duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt located west of the Rhine river and now part of Rhineland-Palatinate.

The Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach () was created in 1809 by the merger of the Ernestine duchies of Saxe-Weimar and Saxe-Eisenach.

Wrhwant, Gurwant, Gurwent or Gurvand () ( died 876 ) was a claimant to the Duchy of Brittany from 874 until his death in opposition to Pascweten, Count of Vannes.

The Finnish Party () was a Fennoman conservative political party in the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland and independent Finland.

The Duchy of Cieszyn () or Duchy of Teschen () or Duchy of Těšín (, ) was an autonomous Silesian duchy centered on Teschen ( Cieszyn ) in Upper Silesia.

The colony was initially named the " Duchy of Estonia " () and is retrospectively called Danish Estonia by historians.

The Battle of Aizkraukle or Ascheraden was a battle fought on March 5, 1279 between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, led by Traidenis, and the Livonian Order near Aizkraukle () in present-day Latvia.

Normandy (, pronounced, Norman: Nourmaundie, from Old French Normanz, plural of Normand, originally from the word for " northman " in several Scandinavian languages ) is a geographical region corresponding to the former Duchy of Normandy.

The Lipka Tatars are a group of Turkic-speaking Tatars who originally settled in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania at the beginning of 14th century.

Tegelen was originally part of the Duchy of Jülich centuries ago, whereas Venlo has a past in the Duchy of Guelders.

These counties were originally Slavic states that lost their independence to the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg in the beginning of the 14th century.

Its only major island is Fehmarn, originally a part of the Duchy of Schleswig until 1867.

A number of persons in the entourage of the emperor, including the grand duchess Catherine, Fessler, Karamzin, Rostopchin and the Finnish, originally Swedish general Count Gustaf Mauritz Armfelt, the Minister State Secretary of the Grand Duchy of Finland in St Petersbourg, intrigued to involve him in a charge of treason.

The Duchy of Schleswig was originally an integrated part of Denmark, but was in medieval times established as a fief under the Kingdom of Denmark, with the same relation to the Danish Crown as for example Brandenburg or Bavaria had to the Holy Roman Emperor.

Still during the war, in November 1870, the North German Confederation and the south German states of Bavaria, Württemberg, and Baden ( together with parts of the Grand Duchy of Hesse which had not originally joined the confederation ) arranged a new nation state.

Prince Frederick's inherited claims were strongest to the almost wholly German-speaking Duchy of Holstein, while his rights as the heir-male of the House of Oldenburg proved too difficult to pursue, and Holstein, an originally Holy Roman Empire fief, had the Salic Law as a leading principle in its fundamental succession law.

It then belonged to the Imperial March of Istria, which had originally had been under the suzerainty of the newly established Duchy of Carinthia in 976, but separated together with the March of Carniola in 1040.

The Baltic governorates (), originally the Ostsee governorates (, ) is a collective name for the administrative units of the Russian Empire set up at the territories of Swedish Estonia, Swedish Livonia ( 1721 ) and, afterwards, of Duchy of Courland and Semigallia ( 1795 ).

The Duchy was originally a fief that the Dukes held of the King of Poland, of whom they were vassals, until the Treaties of Labiau ( 1656 ) and Bromberg ( 1657 ), with which Frederick William I had achieved full sovereignty from the Polish Crown.

The Lipka Tatars ( also known as Belarusian Tatars, Lithuanian Tatars, Polish Tatars, Lipkowie, Lipcani or Muślimi ) are a group of Turkic-speaking Tatars who originally settled in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania at the beginning of 14th century.

Though it originally indicated administrative control of the Duchy of Valentinois, the duchy has since become part of France, making the title simply one of nobility.

The Statutes of Lithuania originally known as the Statutes of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania ( Lithuanian: Lietuvos statutai, Polish: Statuty litewskie, Belarusian: Статуты Вялікага княства Літоўскага ) were a 16th century codification of all the legislation of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and its successor, the Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth.

# creation of the Duchy of Ruthenia ( Polish: Księstwo Ruskie ) from Chernigov Voivodship, Kiev Voivodeship and Bratslav Voivodeship ( The Cossack negotiators had originally demanded that Ruthenian Voivodeship, Volhynian Voivodship, Belz Voivodship, and Podolian Voivodship be included as well ), which would be governed by a Cossack hetman, elected for life from among four candidates presented by the Cossacks and confirmed by the King of Poland ;

The county emerged count Egino IV of Urach by marriage inherited large parts of the Duchy of Zähringen upon the death of Duke Berthold V in 1218, and was originally called the county of Freiburg.

The area originally formed the southeastern part of the medieval Duchy of Silesia, a province of the Piast Kingdom of Poland.

The Civil and Military Order of Merit of Adolphe of Nassau () was originally founded as a chivalric order of the Duchy of Nassau by Adolphe of Nassau in 1858 in honor of his namesake and ancestor, Adolf, Count of Nassau-Weilburg, the only member of the House of Nassau to have been King of Germany.