It originates from 17th century Dutch dialects spoken by the mainly-Dutch settlers of what is now South Africa, where it began to develop independently.

The state of New York, which also has a civil law history from its Dutch colonial days, also began a codification of its law in the 19th century.

Apart from a visit by the French Parmentier brothers in 1529, for much of the 16th century the only Europeans to visit the islands were Portuguese ; British and Dutch ships began arriving at the turn of the century and the island of Ndzwani became a major supply point on the route to the East.

In 1995, CPZ ( Circuit Park Zandvoort ) got the " A Status " of the Dutch government and began building an international Grand Prix Circuit.

After the Spanish and Portuguese ports were closed to the Dutch ships, the Republic began to show interest for trading in the Atlantic region.

In April 1980, the track " Crying ” from the album began picking up airplay on Dutch radio stations and McLean was called to Europe to appear on several important musical variety shows to plug the song and support its release as a single by EMI.

From his sophomore year he additionally began to focus on Germanic languages completing coursework in Gothic, Old High German, Old Saxon, Icelandic, Dutch, Swedish and Danish.

A brigade of Dutch Royal Marines and Royal Marines, 1, 800 strong, under the command of Prince George of Hesse-Darmstadt, chief commander of the Alliance Army in Spain, began to besiege Gibraltar, in the name of the Archduke Charles.

Although nominally in the hands of the Archduke Charles, and garrisoned with both English and Dutch regiments, Britain began to monopolize the rule of the town.

Portuguese decline in Asia was accelerated by the attacks on their commercial empire by the Dutch and the English, which began a global struggle over empire in Asia that lasted until the end of the Seven Years ' War in 1763.

Anti-monarchism became more strident in the Dutch Republic during and after the Eighty Years ' War, which began in 1568.

In developing their Far East trade, the Dutch also began to frequent the island.

The Dutch, who had defeated England on open water, now began to threaten the mainland itself.

Dutch band Focus, containing Thijs van Leer and Jan Akkerman, began to assert symphonic prog with their second album Focus II ( Moving Waves ) ( 1971 ) despite their hit song " Hocus Pocus " ( which is noted for lead singer Thijs van Leer's yodeling ).

The British, led by Secretary of State Henry St John, began to correspond secretly with the Marquis de Torcy, excluding the Dutch and Austrians from their negotiations.

The latter use attracted the attention of wealthy Dutch merchants who began to build private yachts so they could be taken out to greet their returning ships.

His career began in 1969 with the title role in the popular Dutch television series Floris, directed by Paul Verhoeven.

The Dutch took over Malacca from the Portuguese in 1641 while Spain began to colonize the Philippines ( named after Philip II of Spain ) from 1560s.

Beginning in the ninth century, the linguistic border began a steady move to north and the east, and by the end of the 15th century Romance dialects had completely displaced those of Dutch.

Jinga's coalition began to fall apart ; the absence of their Dutch allies with their firearms, and the strong position of Correia de Sá, delivered a deadly blow to the morale of the native forces.

From about 1600 the English, French and Dutch began to find colonies in the North American mainland and the smaller islands of the West Indies.

Upon the death of Shunshō in 1793, Hokusai began exploring other styles of art, including European styles he was exposed to through French and Dutch copper engravings he was able to acquire.

In December 1914 the Admiralty began discussions with the War Office for a combined operation to occupy the Belgian coast to the Dutch fronter, by an attack along the coast combined with a landing at Ostend.

Abacá was first cultivated on a large scale in Sumatra in 1925 under the Dutch, who had observed its cultivation in the Philippines for cordage since the ninteenth century, followed up by plantings in Central America in 1929 sponsored by the U. S. Department of Agriculture.

Some 530 of these individuals were later returned to the islands because of their much-needed expertise in nutmeg cultivation ( something sorely lacking among newly-arrived Dutch settlers ).

On April 25, 2008, the Dutch government, backed by a majority of members of parliament, decided to ban cultivation and use of all magic mushrooms.

Factors for the great population growth include the impact of Dutch colonial rule including the imposed end to civil war in Java, the increase in the area under rice cultivation, and the introduction of food plants such as casava and maize which could sustain populations that could not afford rice.

Numerous cultivars have been raised, originally for their aesthetic merit but more recently for their resistance to Dutch elm disease The total number of named cultivars is circa 45, at least 18 of which have probably been lost to cultivation as a consequence of Dutch elm disease or other factors:

Meanwhile, also in the 19th century, the plant's seeds and cuttings were smuggled out for new cultivation at cinchona plantations in colonial regions of tropical Asia, notably by the British to the British Raj and Ceylon ( present day India and Sri Lanka ), and by the Dutch to Java in the Dutch East Indies ( present day Indonesia ).

The festival commemorates the industry that shaped the area, namely cultivation of grapes ( Dutch druiven ).

In 1946 two Dutch growers moved to the Union of South Africa and began cultivation there.

About 40 cultivars have been raised, although at least 30 are now probably lost to cultivation as a consequence of Dutch elm disease and / or other factors:

Dutch cuisine is shaped by the practice of fishing and farming, including the cultivation of the soil for raising crops and the raising of domesticated animals, and the history of the Netherlands.

The time of Dutch rule saw economic development in Taiwan, including both large-scale hunting of deer and the cultivation of rice and sugar by imported labour from Fujian in China.

Later the Dutch also traded in the agricultural produce of the island ( including sugar and rice ) after large-scale cultivation was implemented by the colonists utilising imported labour from Fujian.

* First cultivation in Dutch East Indies – 1720

By choosing the central city of Isfahan, fertilized by the Zāyande roud (" The life-giving river "), lying as an oasis of intense cultivation in the midst of a vast area of arid landscape, he both distanced his capital from any future assaults by the Ottomans and the Uzbeks, and at the same time gained more control over the Persian Gulf, which had recently become an important trading route for the Dutch and British East India Companies.

By choosing the central city of Isfahan, fertilized by the Zāyandeh River (" The life-giving river "), lying as an oasis of intense cultivation in the midst of a vast area of arid landscape, he both distanced his capital from any future assaults by the Ottomans and the Uzbeks, and at the same time gained more control over the Persian Gulf, which had recently become an important trading route for the Dutch and British East India Companies.

The Dutch responded by replacing the Arabica firstly with Liberica ( a tough, but somewhat unpalatable coffee ) and later with Robusta.

The coffee is primarily grown on large estates that were built by the Dutch in the 18th century.

Maastricht ’ s association of coffee shop owners lost in June 2012 in a Dutch court a legal challenge of the new rules against the city's major.

The European Court of Justice ruled in December 2010 that Dutch authorities can ban coffee shops from selling marijuana to foreigners.

In May 2011 the Dutch government announced that tourist are to be banned from Dutch coffee shops, starting in the southern provinces and at the end of 2011 in the rest of the country.

:" In order to tackle the nuisance and criminality associated with coffee shops and drug trafficking, the open-door policy of coffee shops will end ," ( the Dutch health and justice ministers in a letter to the Dutch parliament )

* Dutch traders smuggle the coffee plant out of Mocha, a port in Yemen on the Red Sea, and cultivate it at the Amsterdam Botanical Gardens.

Dutch later introduce Mocha coffee to Java.

Cooking required simple cooking utensils such as butcher knives, large spoons, spatulas, ladles, Dutch ovens, pots and pans, grills, spits, coffee pots and an iron tripod to suspend the pans and pots over the fire.

Medieval monks raised the plants and when coffee was introduced to Europe, the Dutch thought that chicory made a lively addition to the bean drink.

In Tom Clancy's novel Without Remorse, fictional Vice Admiral Winslow Holland Maxwell, during World War II, received the callsign ' Winnie ,' which he hated ; after a mission in which he shot down three Japanese planes ( all confirmed by gunsight cameras ), he found a new coffee mug in the wardroom, engraved with the callsign ' Dutch.

In order to increase revenue, the Dutch colonial government implemented a series of policies termed the Cultivation System ( Dutch: cultuurstelsel ), which mandated Indonesian farmers to grow a quota of commercially tradable crops such as tea and coffee, instead of growing staple foods such as rice.

In the novel, the story of Max Havelaar, a Dutch colonial administrator, is told by two diametrically opposed characters: the hypocritical coffee merchant Droogstoppel, who intends to use Havelaar's manuscripts to write about the coffee trade, and the romantic German apprentice Stern, who takes over when Droogstoppel loses interest in the story.

In May 2009, the company board agreed to a purchase offer from Dutch manufacturer Philips, owner of the Senseo coffee system, subject to shareholder and bank approval.

In the early 18th century the Dutch established the cash-crop coffee plantations in their colony in the Dutch East Indies islands of Java and Sumatra, including Arabica coffee introduced from Yemen.