In fiction, J. R. R. Tolkien's Elvish languages use a hybrid decimal-duodecimal system, primarily decimal but with special names for multiples of six.

* Elvish Linguistic Fellowship, an organization that studies the invented languages of J. R. R. Tolkien

A notable fictional duodecimal system was that of J. R. R. Tolkien's Elvish languages, which used duodecimal as well as decimal.

* Elvish languages ( Middle-earth )

: For Elvish languages in general, see Elvish languages.

J. R. R. Tolkien constructed many Elvish languages.

The Elvish languages were the first thing he imagined for his secondary world.

Tolkien also created scripts for his Elvish languages, of which the best known are the Sarati, the Tengwar, and the Cirth.

After the publication of The Lord of the Rings ( 1954 – 1955 ), the grammar rules of his major Elvish languages Quenya, Telerin and Sindarin went through very few changes ( this is late Elvish 1954 – 1973 ).

Almost each year, new Elvish words are published and the grammar rules of the Elvish languages are disclosed.

The Elvish languages are a family ( or phylum ) of several related languages and dialects.

Here is set briefly the story of the Elvish languages as conceived by Tolkien c. 1965.

: All the Elvish languages are presumed to be descendants of this common ancestor.

Tolkien invented two subfamilies ( subgroups ) of the Elvish languages.

The acute accent ( á, é, í, ó, ú ) or circumflex accent ( â, ê, î, ô, û, ŷ ) marks long vowels in the Elvish languages.

Below is a family tree of the Elvish languages, showing how the Primitive Quendian word kwendī " people " ( later meaning " Elves ") was altered in the descendant languages.

There is a tradition of philological study of Elvish languages within the fiction.

In Gondor it underwent much annotation and correction, particularly regarding Elvish languages.

His instructor was an ancient Elvish Rider named Oromis, who is revealed to be " The Cripple who is Whole ", who had managed to prolong his life by means of countless tiny spells binding his weak body and large amount of power stored in his sword.

He constructed the grammar and vocabulary of at least fifteen Elvish languages and dialects in roughly 3 eras: 1910-c. 1930 Primitive Quendian the proto-language, Common Eldarin, Quenya and Goldogrin ; the middle era from c. 1935 till 1955, where Goldogrin had significantly changed and was now Noldorin, joined by Telerin, Ilkorin, Doriathrin and the Avarin.

Almost each year, new-found words of the Elvish languages are published and the grammar rules of these languages are disclosed.

Materials mostly post-dating 1969, consisting of the essays " Of Dwarves and Men ," on the development of the languages of these races, " The Shibboleth of Fëanor ," on the linguistics of the Elvish language of Quenya, " The Problem of Ros ," exploring the suffix " ros " found in certain names such as Elros and Maedros, and some " last writings " addressing the subjects of the Istari, Glorfindel of Gondolin and Rivendell, and Círdan the Shipwright.

In North America, for example, some nations broke apart and reformed, as was the case with the Confederation of American States and the United Canadian and American States ; others became havens for specific racial or ethnic groups, like the councils of the Native American Nations, the Native Americans having used their new found magical abilities to regain massive tracts of land ; or the Elvish principality of Tír Tairngire, that encompasess all of the state of Oregon.

The analogue of the " underworld " and the hero returning from it with a boon ( such as the ring, or Elvish blades ) that benefits his society is seen to fit the mythic archetypes regarding initiation and male coming-of-age as described by Joseph Campbell.

Jim Allan ( An introduction to Elvish, ISBN 0-905220-10-2 ) compared the tengwar with the Universal Alphabet of Francis Lodwick of 1686, both on grounds of the correspondence between shape features and sound features, and of the actual letter shapes.

* The following samples presumably predate the Lord of the Rings, but they were not explicitly dated: DTS 16, DTS 17, DTS 18 – Elvish Script Sample I, II, III, with parts of the English poems Errantry and Bombadil, first published in the Silmarillion Calendar 1978, later in Pictures by J. R. R. Tolkien, as well as DTS 23 – So Lúthien, a page of the English Lay of Leithan text facsimiled in The Lays of Beleriand: 299.

Contrary to popular belief, these tattoos do not spell out the " Elvish " ( Quenya or Sindarin ) word for nine ( Quenya nertë or Sindarin neder ) but instead simply the letters for the English word nine in tengwar.

Elf ( Dungeons & Dragons ) | Elvish druid, taken from the Battle for Wesnoth computer game.

During the Middle Bulgarian period, the language underwent dramatic changes, losing the Slavonic case system, but preserving the rich verb system ( while the development was exactly the opposite in other Slavic languages ) and developing a definite article.

Some speakers of Siberian Yupik languages used to speak an Eskimo variant in the past, before they underwent a language shift.

From the 8th century onwards, Alpine Slavic underwent a series of gradual changes and innovations which were characteristic of South Slavic languages.

" Serial music " is a problematic term because it is used differently in different languages and especially because, shortly after its coinage in French, it underwent essential alterations during its transmission to German ( Frisius 1998, 1327 ).

Among the Semitic languages, the Canaanite languages underwent a shift in which Proto-Semitic * ā became ō in Proto-Canaanite ( a language likely very similar to Biblical Hebrew ).

On Curaçao, this variety, better known as Papiamentu, underwent internal changes as well as contact-induced changes at all levels of the grammar ( though particularly in the lexicon ) due to contact with Spanish and, to a lesser extent, Dutch as well as with a variety of Kwa and Bantu languages.

However, in large portions of the Southeast United States where it is known that there was considerable pre-Columbian linguistic diversity, there are no attested indigenous languages and the populations in question either left no survivors, or all remaining speakers of relocated tribes with diminished numbers underwent language shift as their ancestral languages became moribund.

From 8th century onwards the Alpine Slavic language underwent a series of gradual changes and innovations characteristic of South Slavic languages.

All surviving Germanic languages, members of the North and West Germanic families, underwent a change of to, implying a more approximant-like rhotic consonant in early Germanic.

For instance, Latin, the high prestige language of Europe for many centuries, underwent minimal change, while the every day low prestige languages which were spoken evolved significantly.

While focused on Semitic languages as the only branch of the broader Afroasiatic languages that has its distribution outside Africa, a recent study by Kitchen et al proposed through the use of Bayesian computational phylogenetic techniques that " contemporary Ethiosemitic languages of Africa reflect a single introduction of early Ethiosemitic from southern Arabia approximately 2800 years ago ", and that this single introduction of Ethiosemitic underwent " Rapid Diversification " within Ethiopia and Eritrea.

In many of the Romance languages, the Vulgar Latin vowels e and o in stressed position sometimes underwent breaking.

Similarly, several languages around Puget Sound underwent a process of denasalization about one century ago: Except in special speech registers, such as baby talk, the nasals became the voiced stops.