In its first years Esperanto was used mainly in publications by Zamenhof and early adopters like Antoni Grabowski, in extensive correspondence ( mostly now lost ), in the magazine La Esperantisto, published from 1889 to 1895 and only occasionally in personal encounters.

At this congress, Zamenhof officially resigned his leadership of the Esperanto movement, as he did not want personal prejudice against himself ( or anti-Semitism ) to hinder the progress of the language.

There are three types of pronouns in Esperanto: personal ( vi " you "), demonstrative ( tio " that ", iu " someone "), and relative / interrogative ( kio " what ").

In 2001, he donated his large personal collection of Esperanto literature to the National Library of Scotland, where it is now housed.

Esperanto does not have grammatical gender other than in the two personal pronouns li " he " and ŝi " she ".

Existing Esperanto personal pronouns end in i, and only four proposals for a new pronoun are at all common: gi, hi, ri, and the blend ŝli.

Similarly, Esperanto sometimes exhibits pronoun deletion in casual use.

* Ri, a proposed gender-neutral pronoun for Gender reform in Esperanto

The Esperanto reflexive pronoun is si, or sia for the possessive ( to which can be added-j for plural agreement and-n for direct object ).

Reforms included changing the spelling by removing non-Roman letters such as ĉ and re-introducing the k / q dichotomy ; removing a couple of the more obscure phonemic contrasts ( one of which,, has been effectively removed from standard Esperanto ); ending the infinitives in-r and the plurals in-i like Italian ; eliminating adjectival agreement, and removing the need for the accusative case by setting up a fixed default word order ; reducing the amount of inherent gender in the vocabulary, providing a masculine suffix and an epicene third-person singular pronoun ; replacing the pronouns and correlatives with forms more similar to the Romance languages ; adding new roots where Esperanto uses the antonymic prefix mal -; replacing much of Esperanto's other regular derivation with separate roots, which are thought to be easier for Westerners to remember ; and replacing much of the Germanic and Slavic vocabulary with Romance forms, such as navo for English-derived ŝipo.

In a lecture on the current system of international communication Piron argued that " Esperanto relies entirely on innate reflexes " and " differs from all other languages in that you can always trust your natural tendency to generalize patterns ...

According to the critics, Esperanto should aim to be a common European tongue, and therefore its lexicon and spelling system should be a consensus of the Western European languages.

The system allows visitors to use their Smart phones to read about all the main artefacts in languages like French, Spanish, Portrugese, Japanese, Russian, Belarusian, Indonesian, Czech, Esperanto, Finnish and Catalan as well as some support for languages such as more unusual offerings like Anglo Saxon, Latin and Cossack.

: This play of vowels is not an original idea of Zamenhof's :-as ,-is ,-os are found for the three tenses of the infinitive in Faiguet's system of 1765 ;-a ,-i ,-o without a consonant are used like Z's-as ,-is ,-os by Rudelle ( 1858 ); Courtonne in 1885 had-am ,-im ,-om in the same values, and the similarity with Esperanto is here even more perfect than in the other projects, as-um corresponds to Z's-us.

Halvelik ( 1973 ) created Popido (" Popular Idiom ") to play the role of a substandard register of Esperanto that, among other things, does away with much of Esperanto's inflectional system.

I immediately realized that that project was completely non-conforming to the spirit of Esperanto, whose remarkable flexibility Ido destroyed through a logical derivational system too rigid for everyday use of the spoken and written language, and from that day I began to refute the claims of Ido in the International Science Journal.

With the advent of computers, another system of surrogate Esperanto writing using ‹ cx ›, ‹ gx ›, ‹ hx ›, ‹ jx ›, ‹ sx › and ‹ ux › was introduced.

is a novella which uses basic grammar and vocabulary in the first chapter and builds up to expert Esperanto by the end, including word lists so that beginners may easily follow along.

He also presents the idea that, once one has learned enough vocabulary to express himself, it is easier to think clearly in Esperanto than in many other languages.

Estimates of Esperanto speakers range from 10, 000 to 2, 000, 000 active or fluent speakers, as well as perhaps a thousand native speakers, that is, people who learned Esperanto from birth as one of their native languages.

Esperanto is currently the language of instruction of the International Academy of Sciences in San Marino.

There is evidence that learning Esperanto may provide a superior foundation for learning languages in general, and some primary schools teach it as preparation for learning other foreign languages.

Esperanto is the working language of several non-profit international organizations such as the Sennacieca Asocio Tutmonda, a left-wing cultural association, or Education @ Internet, which has developed from an Esperanto organization ; most others are specifically Esperanto organizations.

Esperanto is also the first language of teaching and administration of one university, the International Academy of Sciences San Marino.

As a constructed language, Esperanto is not genealogically related to any ethnic language.

Typologically, Esperanto has prepositions and a free pragmatic word order that by default is subject – verb – object.

Stress is always on the second-last vowel in fully Esperanto words unless a final vowel o is elided, which occurs mostly in poetry.

Esperantujo () or Esperantio is a term ( meaning " Esperanto-land ") used by speakers of the constructed international auxiliary language Esperanto to refer to the Esperanto community and the activities going on in the language.

That declaration stated, among other things, that the basis of the language should remain the Fundamento de Esperanto (" Foundation of Esperanto ", a group of early works by Zamenhof ), which is to be binding forever: nobody has the right to make changes to it.

Many Esperantists believe this declaration stabilising the language is a major reason why the Esperanto speaker community grew beyond the levels attained by other constructed languages and has developed a flourishing culture.

Esperanto is credited with influencing or inspiring several later competing language projects, such as Occidental ( 1922 ) and Novial ( 1928 ).

* 1859: Lazar Zamenhof, the creator of Esperanto, is born in Białystok, Russia ( now Poland ).

* 1905: The first Universala Kongreso ( World Congress ) is held in Boulogne-sur-Mer, with 688 participants and conducted entirely in Esperanto.

The Fundamento de Esperanto is published.

The Ĉekbanko Esperantista ( Esperantist Checking Bank ) is founded in London, using the spesmilo, an auxiliary Esperanto currency based on the gold standard.

* 1908: Universala Esperanto-Asocio, the World Esperanto Association, is founded by Hector Hodler, a 19-year-old Swiss Esperantist.

Fascist Italy, however, allowed the use of Esperanto finding its phonology similar to that of Italian and publishing some touristic material in the language.

Thus Esperanto achieved a stability of structure and grammar similar to that which natural languages enjoy by virtue of their native speakers and established bodies of literature.

In its early years, IALA concerned itself with three tasks: finding other organizations around the world with similar goals ; building a library of books about languages and interlinguistics ; and comparing extant IALs, including Esperanto, Esperanto II, Ido, Peano ’ s Interlingua ( Latino sine flexione ), Novial, and Interlingue ( Occidental ).

In Esperanto, it is used above the u to form a non-syllabic u, similar to the sound of an English w.

Esperanto pronouns are similar.

* the language knowledge acquired with Esperanto was evidently such as could not be reached ( under similar conditions ) with any other foreign language ;

A proposal which is totally consistent with regular grammar is to hyphenate li ( he ) and ŝi ( she ) to li-ŝi ( or ŝi-li ), similar to some other constructs in Esperanto, such as pli-malpli ( more or less ).

In Esperanto, the currency is called " eŭro ", similar to the Esperanto word for the continent " Eŭropo.

Many other languages contain similar modifiers: Italian and Interlingua have non, Spanish has no, French has ne ... pas, Esperanto has ne, German has nicht, and Swedish has inte.

The structure is more similar to Ido than to Esperanto, since radicals are inflected ( it is a polysynthetic language ); therefore, the language is not perfectly agglutinative.

Ido omits two consonants used in Esperanto, and, opting to use the similar sounds and exclusively.