According to Josephus, the Essenes had settled " not in one city " but " in large numbers in every town ".

According to a Jewish legend, one of the Essenes, named Menachem, had passed at least some of his mystical knowledge to the Talmudic mystic Nehunya ben HaKanah, to whom the Kabbalistic tradition attributes Sefer HaBahir and, by some opinions, Sefer HaKanah, Sefer HaPeliah and Sefer HaTemunah.

According to the Order of the Nazoreans Essenes, there are seven types of modern essenes: the Nazorean Essenes of the Order of O: N: E :, the Dead Sea Scroll Essenes, the Scholar Essenes, the New Age Essenes, the Szekely Essenes, the Rastafari Essenes and the Hippy Essenes.

According to Josephus, whereas the Sadducees believed that people have total free will and the Essenes believed that all of a person's life is predestined, the Pharisees believed that people have free will but that God also has foreknowledge of human destiny.

According to Epiphanius, and Josephus, Mount Carmel had been the stronghold of the Essenes that came from a place in Galilee named Nazareth ; though this Essene group are sometimes consequently referred to as Nazareans, they are not to be confused with the " Nazarene " sect, which followed the teachings of Jesus, but associated with the Pharisees.

According to the Jewish-Roman historian Flavius Josephus, the three parties in contemporary Judaism were the Pharisees and Sadducees and Essenes, the last of these three being apparently marginalized and in some cases retired to quasi-monastic communities.

According to Pliny this region was home to the Essenes it was also home to Qumran where the Dead Sea Scrolls were found.

* The Essenes According to the Classical Sources ( with Martin Goodman ), Sheffield Academic Press 1989 ISBN 1-85075-139-0

This arrangement probably followed the example set in part by the Essenes in Judea.

The best known of these are the Essenes of Qumran, who left an extensive library known as the Dead Sea Scrolls.

Also in Roman times, some Essenes settled on the Dead Sea's western shore ; Pliny the Elder identifies their location with the words, " on the west side of the Dead Sea, away from the coast ... the town of Engeda " ( Natural History, Bk 5. 73 ); and it is therefore a hugely popular but contested hypothesis today, that same Essenes are identical with the settlers at Qumran and that " the Dead Sea Scrolls " discovered during the 20th century in the nearby caves had been their own library.

The Essenes ( in Modern but not in Ancient Hebrew:, Isiyim ; Greek: Εσσήνοι, Εσσαίοι, or Οσσαίοι ; Essēnoi, Essaioi, Ossaioi ) were a sect of Second Temple Judaism that flourished from the 2nd century BCE to the 1st century CE which some scholars claim seceded from the Zadokite priests.

Being much fewer in number than the Pharisees and the Sadducees ( the other two major sects at the time ), the Essenes lived in various cities but congregated in communal life dedicated to asceticism, voluntary poverty, daily immersion, and abstinence from worldly pleasures, including ( for some groups ) celibacy.

In medieval Hebrew ( e. g. Sefer Yosippon ) Hassidim (" the pious ones ") replaces " Essenes ".

Some modern scholars and archaeologists have argued that Essenes inhabited the settlement at Qumran, a plateau in the Judean Desert along the Dead Sea, citing Pliny the Elder in support, and giving credence that the Dead Sea Scrolls are the product of the Essenes.

This view, though not yet conclusively proven, has come to dominate the scholarly discussion and public perception of the Essenes.

Josephus ' reference to a " gate of the Essenes " in his description of the course of " the most ancient " of the three walls of Jerusalem, in the Mount Zion area, perhaps suggests an Essene community living in this quarter of the city or regularly gathering at this part of the Temple precincts.

The accounts by Josephus and Philo show that the Essenes led a strictly communal lifeoften compared by scholars to later Christian monastic living.

Many of the Essene groups appear to have been celibate, but Josephus speaks also of another " order of Essenes " that observed the practice of being engaged for three years and then becoming married.

The Essenes chose not to possess slaves, but served each other and, as a result of communal ownership, did not engage in trading.

After a total of three years ' probation, newly joining members would take an oath that included the commitment to practice piety towards " the Deity " ( το θειον ) and righteousness towards humanity, to maintain a pure lifestyle, to abstain from criminal and immoral activities, to transmit their rules uncorrupted and to preserve the books of the Essenes and the names of the Angels.

Note that ritual purification was a common practice among peoples of the Palestine in this period and was thus not specific to the Essenes.

The Essenes are discussed in detail by Josephus and Philo.

Other scholars refute these arguments — particularly since Josephus describes some Essenes as allowing marriage.

Others follow this line and a few argue that the Teacher of Righteousness was not only the leader of the Essenes at Qumran, but was also identical to the original Jesus about 150 years before the time of the Gospels.

The Essenes were often of Levite or Cohen heritage and this may further explain the frequent ' priestly heritage ' claims of several Nazerean families of India.

The Order of the Essenes founded by Grace Mann Brown in the turn of the 19th-20th century, Rosicrucianism took it under its curriculum.

According to Kapila Vatsyayan, " Classical Indian architecture, sculpture, painting, literature ( kāvya ), music, and dancing evolved their own rules conditioned by their respective media, but they shared with one another not only the underlying spiritual beliefs of the Indian religio-philosophic mind, but also the procedures by which the relationships of the symbol and the spiritual states were worked out in detail.

* Meier, Bernhard, The Modes of Classical Vocal Polyphony, Described According to the Sources.

According to the canon of the Classical Greek Sculptor Polykleitos in the 4th century BC, it is one of the most important characteristics of his figurative works and those of his successors, Lysippos, Skopas, etc.

According to some, quantum mechanics is more strongly ordered than Classical Mechanics, because while Classical Mechanics is chaotic, quantum mechanics is not.

According to Byzantine historian Kathryn Ringrose, while the pagans of Classical Antiquity based their notions of gender in general and eunuchs in particular on physiology ( the genitalia ), the Byzantine Christians based them on behaviour and more specifically procreation.

Lamprière's Classical Dictionary states " According to the most received opinions, they were three in number, Tisiphone, Megara and Alecto " and " Megaera ... daughter of Nox and Acheron ".

According to all the members of the Club, Arbuthnot was the one who contributed the most in ideas, and he was the only source they could draw upon when satirizing the sciences, and his was the idea for the Memoirs of Martinus Scriblerus, a pedantic man who, like Arbuthnot's earlier opponent, Dr. Woodward, would read three or four lines of Classical literature and deduce a universal ( and absurd ) truth from them.

According to one of Marshall Berman's books ( Berman 1982, 16 – 17 ), modernity is periodized into three conventional phases ( dubbed " Early ," " Classical ," and " Late ," respectively, by Peter Osborne ( 1992, 25 ):

According to Classical rabbinical literature, Judah was born on the 15th of Sivan ; classical sources differ on the date of death, with the Book of Jubilees advocating a death at age 119, 18 years before Levi, but the midrashic Book of Jasher advocating a death at the age of 129.

According to the Cambridge History of Classical Literature, he was probably active in the first half of the 4th century, although some scholars of the 19th and early 20th centuries thought he might have lived later in the 4th or even in the 5th century.

According to Merriam-Webster's, " vernacular " was brought into the English language as early as 1601 from Latin vernaculus, " native ", which had been in figurative use in Classical Latin as " national " and " domestic ", having originally been derived from vernus and verna, a male or female slave respectively born in the house rather than abroad.

According to Grunebaum in Classical Islam, the Arabic name of Manat is the linguistic counterpart of the Hellenistic Tyche, Dahr, fateful ' Time ' who snatches men away and robs their existence of purpose and value.

According to Bandura, there are two categories of motives-positive reinforcements, Promised reinforcements and Vicarious reinforcements and negative punishment, Promised punishment and vicarious punishment both of which are based on traditional behaviorism such as BF Skinner ’ s Operant Conditioning and Pavlov ’ s Classical Conditioning.

According to the laws of Maine relating to normal school graduates, Mr. Ingraham then began teaching in the public schools, and at the same time pursued a classical course of study through the Waterville Classical Institute, which he followed for three years until his eyes failed and he had to end his studies.

According to Edicts of Ashoka, Greek populations ( generally described in ancient times throughout the Classical world as Yona, Yojanas or Yavanas, lit.

According to Grossman ( 2001 ), these techniques were meant to break down barriers to embrace a new set of norms and way of life ( brutalization ), condition them to pair killing with something more enjoyable and pleasurable ( Classical Conditioning ), repeat the stimulus-response reaction to develop a reflex ( Operant Conditioning ), and finally the use of a role model of a superior to provide action by example.

According to Mohan Nadkarni's book " Great Masters: Profiles in Hindustani Classical Vocal Music ", Bade Ghulam Ali Khan's music was extroverted and exuberant, whereas Amir Khan's was an introverted, dignified ' darbar ' style.

According to the Oxford Classical Dictionary, the remainder of his surviving writings, although praised by his contemporaries, is of primary interest for the incidental light they cast on the social history of Asia Minor in the second century AD.

According to Kapila Vatsyayan, " Classical Indian architecture, sculpture, painting, literature ( kaavya ), music and dancing evolved their own rules conditioned by their respective media, but they shared with one another not only the underlying spiritual beliefs of the Indian religio-philosophic mind, but also the procedures by which the relationships of the symbol and the spiritual states were worked out in detail.

According to Wyn Jones, the repertoire of church music " constituted a continually unfolding tradition that is poorly served by the familiar division of the century into Baroque and Classical.

According to Classical era sources, the Celts worshiped the forces of nature and did not envisage deities in anthropomorphic terms, as other " pagan " peoples such as the Greeks, Romans, and Egyptians did.

According to anonymous Cosmographer of Ravenna ( 6th or 7th century ), Liburnia Tarsatica considered all coastal cities from Albona ( Labin ) to Elona ( Aenona, Nin ) of Classical Liburnia and Iapodian settlements in the inland ( Lika ).