The package included both a NuBus card with Ethernet ports and a new Network control panel that allowed the user to select which physical connection to use for networking ( from " Built-in " or " EtherTalk ").

On slower or congested links ( 622 Mbit / s and below ), ATM does make sense, and for this reason most asymmetric digital subscriber line ( ADSL ) systems use ATM as an intermediate layer between the physical link layer and a Layer 2 protocol like PPP or Ethernet.

At these lower speeds, ATM provides a useful ability to carry multiple logical circuits on a single physical or virtual medium, although other techniques exist, such as Multi-link PPP and Ethernet VLANs, which are optional in VDSL implementations.

The Ethernet standards comprise several wiring and signaling variants of the OSI physical layer in use with Ethernet.

Ethernet evolved to include higher bandwidth, improved media access control methods, and different physical media.

IEEE 802. 3 is a working group and a collection of IEEE standards produced by the working group defining the physical layer and data link layer's media access control ( MAC ) of wired Ethernet.

* Ethernet physical layer

The newest, " fourth-generation " Myrinet, called Myri-10G, supports a 10 Gbit / s data rate and is interoperable with 10 Gigabit Ethernet on PHY, the physical layer ( cables, connectors, distances, signaling ).

It may also be known as an Ethernet hardware address ( EHA ), hardware address or physical address.

Ethernet 10Base-T was used at the physical layer, but the protocol did not depend on any physical implementation.

Within the confines of the Ethernet physical layer, a layer-3 switch can perform some or all of the functions normally performed by a router.

The word " BASE " in Ethernet physical layer standards, for example 10BASE5, 100BASE-T and 1000BASE-SX, implies baseband digital transmission, i. e. that a line code and an unfiltered wire are used.

IEEE Std 802. 3, which defines all Ethernet variants, for historical reasons still bears the title " Carrier sense multiple access with collision detection ( CSMA / CD ) access method and physical layer specifications ".

For example, the original twisted pair Ethernet using repeater hubs was a logical bus topology with a physical star topology layout.

When the physical star topology is applied to a logical bus network such as Ethernet, this central node ( traditionally a hub ) rebroadcasts all transmissions received from any peripheral node to all peripheral nodes on the network, sometimes including the originating node.

The result of research done at Xerox PARC in the early 1970s, Ethernet evolved into a widely implemented physical and link layer protocol.

There are five physical layer standards for gigabit Ethernet using optical fiber ( 1000BASE-X ), twisted pair cable ( 1000BASE-T ), or balanced copper coaxial cable ( 1000BASE-CX ).

* Ethernet physical layer Including 10BASE-T, 10BASE2, 10BASE5, 100BASE-TX, 100BASE-FX, 100BASE-T, 1000BASE-T, 1000BASE-SX and other varieties

* Ethernet physical layer

The Ethernet LX-4 10 Gbit / s physical layer standard is an example of a CWDM system in which four wavelengths near 1310 nm, each carrying a 3. 125 gigabit-per-second ( Gbit / s ) data stream, are used to carry 10 Gbit / s of aggregate data.

Each subnet is served by a designated default router, but may consist internally of multiple physical Ethernet segments interconnected by network switches or network bridges.

As per the OSI model Ethernet provides services up to and including the data link layer.

# The link layer ( commonly Ethernet ) contains communication technologies for a local network.

The primary benefit is to eliminate dependence on a particular OSI model data link layer technology, such as Asynchronous Transfer Mode ( ATM ), Frame Relay, Synchronous Optical Networking ( SONET ) or Ethernet, and eliminate the need for multiple layer-2 networks to satisfy different types of traffic.

For example, a 1500-byte packet, the largest allowed by Ethernet at the network layer ( and hence over most of the Internet ), ties up a 14. 4k modem for about one second.

Ethernet is, by far, the most popular layer 2 technology.

This function is referred to as layer 2 bridging, as the addresses it uses to forward the traffic are layer 2 addresses ( e. g. MAC addresses on Ethernet ).

An Ethernet switch operates at the data link layer of the OSI model to create a separate collision domain for each switch port.

While layer-2 functionality is adequate for bandwidth-shifting within one technology, interconnecting technologies such as Ethernet and token ring is easier at layer 3.

At any layer, a modern switch may implement power over Ethernet ( PoE ), which avoids the need for attached devices, such as a VoIP phone or wireless access point, to have a separate power supply.

While layer 2 switch remains more of a marketing term than a technical term, the products that were introduced as " switches " tended to use microsegmentation and Full duplex to prevent collisions among devices connected to Ethernet.

In modern practice, only error detection, not flow control using sliding window, is present in data link protocols such as Point-to-Point Protocol ( PPP ), and, on local area networks, the IEEE 802. 2 LLC layer is not used for most protocols on the Ethernet, and on other local area networks, its flow control and acknowledgment mechanisms are rarely used.

At the time, the company envisioned layer 3 routing and layer 2 ( Ethernet, Token Ring ) switching as complementary functions of different intelligence and architecture – the former was slow and complex, the latter was fast but simple.

Since then Ethernet technology has evolved to meet new bandwidth and market requirements.

Gilmore is co-author with Bill Croft of the 1985 Bootstrap Protocol ( RFC 951 ), which evolved into DHCP, the primary way to obtain an IP address upon joining an Ethernet or wireless network.

By 1987 Ethernet was clearly winning the standards battle over Token Ring, and in the middle of that year Apple introduced EtherTalk 1. 0 for the newly released Macintosh II computer.

Compressed video is also carried using UDP-IP over Ethernet.

Systems communicating over Ethernet divide a stream of data into shorter pieces called frames.

This was followed quickly by DEC's Unibus to Ethernet adapter, which DEC sold and used internally to build its own corporate network, which reached over 10, 000 nodes by 1986, making it one of the largest computer networks in the world at that time.

By 2010, the market for Ethernet equipment amounted to over $ 16 billion per year.

When a twisted pair or fiber link segment is used and neither end is connected to a repeater, full-duplex Ethernet becomes possible over that segment.

Simple switched Ethernet networks, while a great improvement over repeater-based Ethernet, suffer from single points of failure, attacks that trick switches or hosts into sending data to a machine even if it is not intended for it, scalability and security issues with regard to broadcast radiation and multicast traffic, and bandwidth choke points where a lot of traffic is forced down a single link.

* Power over Ethernet

* Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet

IPX can be transmitted over Ethernet using one of the following 4 encapsulation types:

IP Version 6 can also be transmitted over Ethernet using IEEE 802. 2 with LLC / SNAP, but, again, that's almost never used ( although LLC / SNAP encapsulation of IPv6 is used on IEEE 802 networks ).

ARCNET, Token Ring and other technology standards have been used in the past, but Ethernet over twisted pair cabling, and Wi-Fi are the two most common technologies currently used to build LANs.

In addition to the original 31. 25 kbit / s ( baud is the signalling rate and is the reciprocal of the shortest signalling element ; bits / sec is the data rate ) current-loop transported on 5-pin DIN, other connectors have been used for the same electrical data, and transmission of MIDI streams in different forms over USB, IEEE 1394 a. k. a. FireWire, and Ethernet is now common.

OSC can be transported over Ethernet connections at broadband speeds, but is poorly suited for use as a whole-studio solution, as to date it lacks widespread support from hardware and mainstream software.

Many customers are likely to migrate from Frame Relay to MPLS over IP or Ethernet within the next two years, which in many cases will reduce costs and improve manageability and performance of their wide area networks.

Two encapsulated forms of PPP, Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet ( PPPoE ) and Point-to-Point Protocol over ATM ( PPPoA ), are used most commonly by Internet Service Providers ( ISPs ) to establish a Digital Subscriber Line ( DSL ) Internet service connection with customers.

** Audio over Ethernet

They booted over the network ( via an Excelan EXOS / 101 Ethernet card ) from their controlling computer.

The signal source might be an Ethernet cable, a satellite dish, a coaxial cable ( see cable television ), a telephone line ( including DSL connections ), broadband over power lines ( BPL ), or even an ordinary VHF or UHF antenna.

In communication networks, such as Ethernet or packet radio, throughput or network throughput is the average rate of successful message delivery over a communication channel.

Since the magic packet is only scanned for the string above, and not actually parsed by a full protocol stack, it may be sent as any network-and transport-layer protocol, although it is typically sent as a UDP datagram to port 7 or 9, or directly over Ethernet as EtherType 0x0842.