Contrary to the intent of the Tripoli Program, Ben Bella saw the FLN as an elite vanguard party that would mobilize popular support for government policies and reinforce his increasingly personal leadership of the country.

Nonetheless, FLN radicals criticized Boumédiènne for neglecting the policy of autogestion and betraying " rigorous socialism "; in addition, some military officers were unsettled by what they saw as a drift away from collegiality.

As the FLN campaign of influence and terror spread through the countryside, many European farmers in the interior ( called Pieds-Noirs ) sold their holdings and sought refuge in Algiers and other Algerian cities.

The FLN carried out an average of 800 shootings and bombings per month through the spring of 1957, resulting in many civilian casualties and inviting a crushing response from the authorities.

It is estimated that at least 30, 000 and possibly as many as 150, 000 Harkis and their dependants were killed by the National Liberation Front ( FLN ) or by lynch mobs in Algeria, sometimes in circumstances of extreme cruelty.

The members of the FLN had also forced many of the men, women, and children of the countryside to march in front of them, without weapons, as human shields.

Taking advantage of liberalization by the unpopular ruling leftist / nationalist FLN regime, it used its preaching to advocate the establishment of a legal system following Sharia law, education in Arabic rather than French, and gender segregation, with women staying home to alleviate the high rate of unemployment among young Algerian men.

** The OAS signs a truce with the FLN in Algeria, but a day later announces that it will continue the fight on behalf of French Algerians.

As a result the OAS eventually found itself in violent clandestine conflict with not only the FLN but also French secret services and with a Gaullist paramilitary, the Mouvement pour la Communauté ( the MPC ).

Effectively started by members of the National Liberation Front ( FLN ) on November 1, 1954, during the Toussaint Rouge (" Red All Saints ' Day "), the conflict shook the foundations of the French Fourth Republic ( 1946 – 58 ) and led to its eventual collapse.

The war involved a large number of rival movements which fought against each other at different moments, such as on the independence side, when the National Liberation Front ( FLN ) fought viciously against the Algerian National Movement ( MNA ) in Algeria and in the Café Wars on the French mainland ; on the pro-French side, during its final months, when the conflict evolved into a civil war between pro-French hardliners in Algeria and supporters of General Charles de Gaulle.

The French Army split during two attempted coups, while the right-wing Organisation de l ' armée secrète ( OAS ) fought against both the FLN and the French government's forces.

Founded in 1954, the National Liberation Front ( FLN ) succeeded Messali Hadj's Algerian People's Party ( PPA ), while its leaders created an armed wing, the Armée de Libération Nationale ( National Liberation Army ) to engage in an armed struggle against French authority.

In the early morning hours of November 1, 1954, FLN maquisards ( guerrillas ) or " terrorists ", as they were called by the French, launched attacks in various parts of Algeria against military and civilian targets in what became known as the Toussaint Rouge ( Red All-Saints ' Day ).

The FLN adopted tactics similar to those of nationalist groups in Asia, and the French did not realize the seriousness of the challenge they faced until 1955, when the FLN moved into urbanized areas.

The killing by the FLN and its supporters of 123 people, including 71 French, including old women and babies, shocked Jacques Soustelle into calling for more repressive measures against the rebels.

France took a more openly hostile view of Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser's material and political assistance to the FLN, which some French analysts believed was the most important element in sustaining continued rebel activity in Algeria.

To increase international and domestic French attention to their struggle, the FLN decided to bring the conflict to the cities and to call a nationwide general strike and also to plant bombs in public places.

But the FLN had succeeded in showing its ability to strike at the heart of French Algeria and to rally and force a mass response to its demands among urban Muslims.

From its origins in 1954 as ragtag maquisards numbering in the hundreds and armed with a motley assortment of hunting rifles and discarded French, German, and American light weapons, the FLN had evolved by 1957 into a disciplined fighting force of 40, 000.

In addition to service as a flying ambulance and cargo carrier, French forces utilized the helicopter for the first time in a ground attack role in order to pursue and destroy fleeing FLN guerrilla units.

" Persuaded " to work for the French forces included by the use of torture and threats against their family ; these agents " mingled with FLN cadres.

But it seemed that, as in Indochina, " the French focused on developing native guerrilla groups that would fight against the FLN ", one of whom fought in the Southern Atlas Mountains, equipped by the French Army.

The FLN also used pseudo-guerrilla strategies against the French Army on one occasion, with Force K, a group of 1, 000 Algerians who volunteered to serve in Force K as guerrillas for the French.

In one episode, FLN guerrillas, who refused to surrender and withdraw from a cave complex, were dealt with by French Foreign Legion Pioneer troops, who, lacking flamethrowers or explosives, simply bricked up each cave, leaving the residents to die of suffocation.

The French Army shifted its tactics at the end of 1958 from dependence on quadrillage to the use of mobile forces deployed on massive search-and-destroy missions against FLN strongholds.

* Algérie ( Algeria ), once similar to Tunis, but incorporated directly into the French Republic, got its only High commissioner on 19 March 1962: Christian Fouchet ( b. 1911 – d. 1974 ), until its 3 July 1962 independence from France ( Algerian State ; 25 September 1962 People's Democratic Algerian Republic ruled by the FLN, the former armed revolt )

As early as 1961, Cuba supported the FLN in Algeria against France.

The OAS was formed out of existing networks, calling themselves " counter-terrorists ", " self-defence groups ", or " resistance ", which had carried out attacks on the FLN and their perceived supporters since early in the war.

Soustelle's repression was an early cause of the Algerian population's rallying to the FLN.

Despite the OAS bombing campaign, the FLN remained resolute in its agreement to the ceasefire and on 17 June 1962 the OAS also began a ceasefire.

( A vote by the CCN on June 30, 1987, actually supported union between Libya and Algeria, but the proposal was later retracted by the FLN Central Committee after the heads of state failed to agree.

From Cairo, the FLN broadcast a proclamation calling on Muslims in Algeria to join in a national struggle for the " restoration of the Algerian state – sovereign, democratic and social – within the framework of the principles of Islam.

The loss of competent field commanders both on the battlefield and through defections and political purges created difficulties for the FLN.

These population transfers were effective in denying the use of remote villages to FLN guerrillas, who had used them as a source of rations and manpower, but also caused significant resentment on the part of the displaced villagers.

Boumédiènne's death on December 27, 1978, set off a struggle within the FLN to choose a successor.

Tensions developed between Kabyle leaders and the central government on several occasions, initially in 1963, when the Socialist Forces Front party of Hocine Aït Ahmed contested the use of the name of a popular resistance movement as a political party, by Nasserian agents, of lower grade within the FLN, who were incapable of organizing their respective regions to provide delegates for the establishment of the first legitimate Algerian constitution.

After this failure, on 18 March 1962, de Gaulle and the FLN signed a cease-fire agreement, the Évian accords, and held a referendum.

The CRUA re-emerged as the Front de libération nationale, or FLN, which began a nation-wide armed insurrection against France on November 1, 1954.

Ouyahia served as Prime Minister for three years, until his resignation on 24 May 2006 amidst political arguments between Ouyahia's political party and Bouteflika's political party, the FLN.

The military remained well represented on the FLN Central Committee, and is widely held to have been the real power-broker in the country.

Also strongly present as an ideological influence on the FLN was Algerian Islam, especially of the reformist-nationalist variety espoused by Ben Badis and his group of nationalist ulema.

He miraculously was safe after three Front de Libération Nationale ( FLN ) terrorists attempted to assassinate him by shooting his car on the Place de l ' Étoile in Paris.