There was one known instance in history that a calipha ruled a Caliphate: Sitt al-Mulk was regent of the Fatimid Caliphate from 1221 to 1223.

The Unitarian Druze movement, which existed in the Fatimid Caliphate, acknowledged az-Zahir as the Caliph, but followed Hamzah as its Imam.

Egypt and much of Palestine were controlled by the Arab Shi ' ite Fatimid Caliphate, which had extended further into Syria before the arrival of the Seljuqs.

During his reign, Otto II attempted to annex the whole of Italy into the Empire, bringing him into conflict with the Byzantine Empire and with the Saracens of the Fatimid Caliphate.

The tradition of lanterns as a decoration becoming associated with Ramadan is believed to have originated during the Fatimid Caliphate primarily centered in Egypt, where the Caliph Al-Muizz Lideenillah was greeted by people holding lanterns to celebrate his ruling.

* Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani, a Persian missionary da ' i to the Fatimid Caliphate

* c. 909: The Fatimid Caliphate arises in eastern Algeria.

* Sitt al-Mulk, regent of the Fatimid Caliphate ( 1021 to 1023 ) for ʻAlī az-Zāhir, the Seventh Caliph ( 1021 to 1036 )

His conquests brought him into conflict with both the Byzantine Empire and with the Muslims of the Fatimid Caliphate as both holding territories in southern Italy.

However, this policy necessarily meant war with not only the Byzantine Empire but the Muslim Fatimid Caliphate as well, who claimed southern Italy as within their sphere influence.

Since 960s the island had been under Muslim rule as the Emirate of Sicily, a state of the Fatimid Caliphate.

In the same period as the Norman conquest of England, they had taken Sicily, previously under the Arab Fatimid Caliphate.

To the southwest is the Fatimid Caliphate of Cairo.

Egypt had been invaded by King Baldwin I fifty years earlier, and the weak Fatimid Caliphate was forced to pay yearly tribute to Jerusalem.

The slaves were mostly captured by Venice from Dalmatia, the Holy Roman Empire from what is now Prussia and Poland, and the Byzantines from elsewhere in the Balkans, and were generally destined for other parts of the Byzantine Empire and ( most frequently ) the Muslim states surrounding the Mediterranean: the Abbasid Caliphate, the Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba, the Emirate of Sicily, and the Fatimid Caliphate ( which relied on Slavs purchased at the Bari market for its legions of Sakalaba Mamluks ).

* January 16 – Emir Abd-ar-Rahman III of Cordoba creates the Caliphate of Cordoba to compete with his Fatimid rivals who had assumed the title in 910.

The caliphate also lost the Western provinces of al-Andalus, Maghreb and Ifriqiya to an Umayyad prince, the Aghlabids and the Fatimid Caliphate, respectively.

* Rebellion of the Kutama Berbers against the Fatimid Caliphate.

* Second rebellion of the Kutama tribesmen against the Fatimid Caliphate in two years.

* Failed attempt by the Fatimid dynasty to seize the Maghreb al-Aqsa ( nowadays Morocco ) from the local rulers allied to the Spain-based Umayyad Caliphate.

* Ubayd Allah, political and religious leader, founder of the Fatimid Caliphate.

The Fatimid Islamic Caliphate or al-Fāṭimiyyūn ( Arabic الفاطميون ) was a Isma ' ili Shi ' a Muslim caliphate that spanned a vast area of the Arab World, from the Red Sea in the east to the Atlantic Ocean in the west.

At this time, Ifriqiya was in ferment, the Zirid ruler al-Muizz ibn Badis, was openly contemplating breaking with his Shi ' ite Fatimid overlords in Cairo, and the jurists of Kairouan were agitating for him to do so.

Jerusalem thus turned its attention to Egypt, where the Fatimid dynasty was suffering from a series of young caliphs and civil wars.

Saladin, who was set up as Vizier of Egypt, was declared Sultan in 1171 upon the death of the last Fatimid caliph.

" In 1009, during the reign of the sixth Fatimid Caliph, al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, the Church of the Nativity was ordered to be demolished, but was spared by local Muslims, because they had been permitted to worship in the structure's southern transept.

Cairo was founded by the Fatimid dynasty in the 10th century AD, but the land composing the present-day city was the site of national capitals whose remnants remain visible in parts of Old Cairo.

Egypt's capital was permanently moved to Cairo, which was eventually expanded to include the ruins of Fustat and the previous capitals of al-Askar and al-Qatta ' i. While the Fustat fire successfully protected the city of Cairo, a continuing power struggle between Shawar, King Amalric I of Jerusalem, and Zengid general Shirkuh led to the downfall of the Fatimid establishment.

In 1169 Saladin was appointed as the new vizier of Egypt by the Fatimids and two years later he would seize power from the family of the last Fatimid caliph, al -' Āḍid.

Continuing a practice started by the Ayyubids, much of the land occupied by former Fatimid palaces was sold and replaced by newer buildings.

This was the result of a power struggle inside of the Fatimid empire in which the Druze were viewed with suspicion because of their refusal to recognize the new Caliph, Ali az-Zahir, as their Imam.

The death of Uthman was followed by a civil war known as the First Fitna, and the succession to Ali ibn Abi Talib was disputed, leading to the split between the Sunni and Shia sects, and later to competing caliphates when the descendants of Muhammad through his daughter Fatimah and Ali set up separate Fatimid societies.

Umayyad rule ended in 750 and was followed by the Arab caliphates of the Abbasid and Fatimid dynasties.

The new kingdom, and Godfrey's reputation, was secured with the defeat of the Fatimid Egyptian army under al-Afdal Shahanshah at the Battle of Ascalon one month after the conquest, on August 12, but Raymond and Godfrey's continued antagonism prevented the crusaders from taking control of Ascalon itself.

Baldwin II was an able ruler, and he too successfully defended against Fatimid and Seljuk invasions.

Far more subtle than the Crusades, but far more successful over the long run, was Urban II's program of bringing Campania and Sicily firmly into the Catholic sphere after generations of control under the Byzantine Empire and the Aghlabid and Fatimid emirs.

Acts sometimes attributed to Pope Sergius IV include measures to relieve famine in the city of Rome, the exemption of certain monasteries from episcopal rule, and a papal bull calling for Islam to be driven from the Holy Land after the Church of the Holy Sepulchre was destroyed in 1009 by the Fatimid caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah.

By the 11th century, Neo-Platonism was adopted by the Fatimid state of Egypt, and taught by their da ' i. Neo-Platonism was brought to the Fatimid court by Iraqi Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani, although his teachings differed from Nasafi and Sijistani, who were more aligned with original teachings of Plotinus.

The eastern Sanhaja included the Kutama Berbers, who had been the base of the Fatimid rise in the early 10th C., and the Zirid dynasty who ruled Ifriqiya as vassals of the Fatimids after the latter moved to Egypt in 972.

During Sa ' adya's early years in Tulunid Egypt, the Fatimid Caliphate ruled Egypt ; leaders of the Tulunids were Ismaili Imams.

While Saladin was in Syria, his brother al-Adil ruled Egypt, and in 1174 – 75, Kanz al-Dawla of Aswan revolted against the Ayyubids with the intention of restoring Fatimid rule.

In this period, Egypt was ruled by the Fatimid dynasty, an Isma ' ili Shi ' ite family, which had taken Egypt from the Abbasids in 969 CE.

The Rustamids ( or Rustumids, Rostemids ) were a dynasty of Ibāḍī Kharijite imāms that ruled the central Maghreb as a Muslim theocracy for a century and a half from their capital Tahert in present Algeria, until the Ismailite Fatimid Caliphs destroyed it.

In reality the three great powers at the end of the 11th century were the Great Seljuk Sultanate, the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum and the Fatimid Caliphate which was ruled by a military wazirate.

Prior to the rise of Saladin, Egypt was the center of the Shia Fatimid Caliphate, the only period in Islamic history when a caliphate was ruled by members of the Shia branch of Islam.