The Svecoman ( Swedish Svekoman ) movement was a Swedish nationalist movement that arose in the Grand Duchy of Finland at the end of the 19th century chiefly as a reaction to the demands for increased use of Finnish vigorously presented by the Fennoman movement.

It was gradually developing into what would become the Finnish state, including a marked rise of the Fennoman movement representing the Finnic part of the nation.

These developments also encouraged Finnish nationalism and cultural unity through the birth of the Fennoman movement, which bound the Finns to the domestic governmental system and led to the idea that the Finnish Grand Duchy was an increasingly autonomous part of the Russian Empire.

From 1899 to 1906 the labor movement became conclusively independent, shedding the patriarchal thinking of the Fennoman estates.

At some point the Fennoman movement arose, that thought that the country should be a united nation, with only one language, and, as a reaction, the Svecoman movement, that was afraid that abandoning Swedish would lead to slavicisation or worse.

It was a part of the Svecoman movement and its main policy was opposition of the Fennoman movement.

* Fennoman movement

In the last years of the 19th century, and in the first years of the 20th, the Fennoman movement split into two political parties: the Old Finnish Party and the Young Finnish Party.

The Karelian culture and language was a major inspiration for the Fennoman movement, and the unification of East Karelia with independent Finland ( Greater Finland ) was a major political issue in 20th century Finland.

The movement separated itself from the main Fennoman movement, the Finnish Party due to political competition between two political generations that had differing views on Finland's constitutional status in the Russian Empire.

# Redirect Fennoman movement

# REDIRECT Fennoman movement

# REDIRECT Fennoman movement

However, another faction of the Swedish-speaking elite, the so-called Svecomans, did not wish to abandon Swedish, and strove against the Fennoman ideology and Fennoman-inspired reforms.

The Fennoman motto was coined by Adolf Ivar Arwidsson ( originally in Swedish ):

He belonged, however, to the more complying Fennoman or Old Finn Party, opposing radical and potentially counter-productive steps which could be perceived as aggressive by the Russians.

Expression of Finnish identity by the University docent, A. I. Arwidsson ( 1791 – 1858 ), became an often quoted Fennoman credo: " Swedes we are not / no-longer, Russians we do not want to become, let us therefore be / become Finns.

These issues were ultimately settled by the Fennoman Prime Minister and later President of Finland Juho Kusti Paasikivi

During the national romantic period at the end of the 19th century the mythological name Aino was adopted as a Christian name by Fennoman activists.

* the Young Finnish Party including both liberals and conservatives ( these first two both descendants of the old Fennoman parties, the liberals including both social liberals and economic liberals );

Johan Vilhelm Snellman (; 12 May 1806, Stockholm – 4 July 1881, Kirkkonummi ) was an influential Fennoman philosopher and Finnish statesman, ennobled in 1866.

The Finnish Party () was a Fennoman conservative political party in the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland and independent Finland.

During the First World War Paasikivi began to have doubts about the Fennoman Party's obedient line.

Kuusinen was an active member of the students ' union, and during this period he was interested in Fennoman conservatism and Alkioism.

The party started to form around a core of Fennoman intellectuals in the 1860s, but remained formally unorganized for decades.

It was a popular belief among Svecomans that their " Germanic race " is more successful in ruling and that the Fennoman program would therefore make Finland weaker and more vulnerable to the Russian threat.

Environmental issues helped form the basis of the nationalist independence movement when environmental demonstrations subsequently merged with those for other political causes in the late 1980s.

As the implementation of Home Rule continued to be postponed due to the ongoing war, and the British threatened to impose conscription in Ireland to aid the war effort, nationalist support rapidly came to be channeled into the revolutionary Sinn Féin movement.

In June 1989 the Croatian Democratic Union ( HDZ ) was founded by Croatian nationalist dissidents led by Franjo Tuđman a former fighter in Tito's Partisan movement and JNA General.

FBI records show that 85 % of COINTELPRO resources targeted groups and individuals that the FBI deemed " subversive ," including communist and socialist organizations ; organizations and individuals associated with the civil rights movement, including Martin Luther King, Jr. and others associated with the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, and the Congress of Racial Equality and other civil rights organizations ; black nationalist groups ; the American Indian Movement ; a broad range of organizations labeled " New Left ", including Students for a Democratic Society and the Weathermen ; almost all groups protesting the Vietnam War, as well as individual student demonstrators with no group affiliation ; the National Lawyers Guild ; organizations and individuals associated with the women's rights movement ; nationalist groups such as those seeking independence for Puerto Rico, United Ireland, and Cuban exile movements including Orlando Bosch's Cuban Power and the Cuban Nationalist Movement ; and additional notable Americans — even Albert Einstein, who was a member of several civil rights groups, came under FBI surveillance during the years just prior to COINTELPRO's official inauguration .< ref >

For many participants, the movement was a protest against the bourgeois nationalist and colonialist interests, which many Dadaists believed were the root cause of the war, and against the cultural and intellectual conformity — in art and more broadly in society — that corresponded to the war.

The Finnish labour movement, which emerged at the end of the 19th century from folk, temperance, and religious movements, as well as fennomania, had a Finnish nationalist, working-class character, and was represented by the Social Democratic Party, established in 1899.

This set off a chain of events that led to World War I. Princip was a Yugoslav nationalist associated with the movement Mlada Bosna ( Young Bosnia ) which predominantly consisted of Serbs, but also Bosniaks and Croats.

A long-standing supporter of the Home Rule movement, Johnston persuaded Churchill of the need to counter the nationalist threat north of the border and created a Scottish Council of State and a Council of Industry as institutions to devolve some power away from Whitehall.

But at the same time, a nationalist movement had arisen in Turkey, led by Mustafa Kemal ( later Kemal Atatürk ), who set up a rival government in Ankara and was engaged in fighting the Greek army.

The nationalist movement had been confined to the territories under direct British rule.

Nehru helped to make the struggle of the people in the princely states a part of the nationalist movement for freedom.

Kwanzaa is a celebration that has its roots in the black nationalist movement of the 1960s, and was established as a means to help African Americans reconnect with their African cultural and historical heritage by uniting in meditation and study of African traditions and Nguzu Saba, the " seven principles of African Heritage " which Karenga said " is a communitarian African philosophy ".

During World War II, the badly divided nationalist movement became more cohesive, and informed Moroccans dared to consider the real possibility of political change in the post-war era.

In January 1944, the Istiqlal ( Independence ) Party, which subsequently provided most of the leadership for the nationalist movement, released a manifesto demanding full independence, national reunification, and a democratic constitution.

He acted cautiously, having no intention of permitting more radical elements in the nationalist movement to overthrow the established order.

Lord Irwin's successor, Lord Willingdon, taking a hard line against nationalism, began a new campaign of controlling and subduing the nationalist movement.

In these cases, the nationalist sentiment and the nationalist movement clearly precede the unification of the German and Italian nation states.

The nationalist movement in Quebec, particularly after the election of the Parti Québécois in 1976, contributed to driving many businesses and English-speaking people out of Quebec to Ontario, and as a result Toronto surpassed Montreal as the largest city and economic centre of Canada.

The students and soldiers of the rising " New Paraguay " movement ( which wanted to sweep away corrupt party politics and introduce nationalist and socialist reforms ) would thereafter always see the Liberals as morally bankrupt.

A French nationalist, Michelet also sought to claim the Renaissance as a French movement.

A Ukrainian nationalist movement known as the Green Army was active in Ukraine in the early part of the war.