Extreme instances of persecution include the pogroms which preceded the First Crusade in 1096, the expulsion from England in 1290, the massacres of Spanish Jews in 1391, the persecutions of the Spanish Inquisition, the expulsion from Spain in 1492, Cossack massacres in Ukraine, various pogroms in Russia, the Dreyfus affair, the Final Solution by Hitler's Germany, official Soviet anti-Jewish policies and the Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries.

Alfonso XII ( born Alfonso Francisco de Asís Fernando Pío Juan María de la Concepción Gregorio Pelayo ) ( Madrid, 28 November 1857 – El Pardo, 25 November 1885 ) was King of Spain, reigning from 1874 to 1885, after a coup d ' état restored the monarchy and ended the ephemeral First Spanish Republic.

However, there are some Jews, particularly the Spanish and Portuguese Jews, who do hold public readings of the Book of Job on the Tisha B ' Av fast ( a day of mourning over the destruction of the First and Second Temples and other tragedies ).

After the dissolution of Spanish authority, the former Captaincy General remained intact as part of the short-lived First Mexican Empire.

First, the country found itself on the front lines of Gran Colombia's efforts to liberate Peru from Spanish rule between 1822 and 1825 ; afterward, in 1828 and 1829, Ecuador was in the middle of an armed struggle between Peru and Gran Colombia over the location of their common border.

After the tumult of the First Spanish Republic, Spaniards were willing to accept a return to stability under Bourbon rule.

First Etica and then Iniciales, which began in 1929, were the publications of the group, which lasted until the Spanish Civil War.

Not a maritime power, and not a nation-state, as it became one, Germany's participation in Western imperialism was negligible until the late 19th century and the participation of Austria was primarily as a result of Habsburg control of the First Empire, the Spanish throne, and other royal houses.

* 1801 – First Battle of Algeciras: Outnumbered French Navy ships defeat the Royal Navy in the fortified Spanish port of Algeciras.

Collectivist anarchism is most commonly associated with Mikhail Bakunin, the anti-authoritarian sections of the First International, and the early Spanish anarchist movement.

First populated more than 13, 000 years ago, the country produced complex indigenous civilizations before being conquered by the Spanish in the 16th century.

In 1912, after the First Moroccan Crisis and the Agadir Crisis, the Treaty of Fez was signed, effectively dividing Morocco into a French and Spanish protectorate.

First produced in 1896 as one of the first commercially successful and practical semi-automatic pistols, Spanish gunmakers in the late 1920s introduced " select fire " copies of the C96 with detachable magazines, and in the early 1930s Mauser engineers introduced the model 711 and 712 Schnellfeuer variants, which included a fire selector mechanism allowing fully automatic fire at a rate of 1000 rounds / minute.

Spain briefly became the First Spanish Republic, but the monarchy was soon restored.

There is a renewed interest in republicanism in Spain after two earlier attempts: the First Spanish Republic ( 1873-1874 ) and the Second Spanish Republic ( 1931-1939 ).

England and France, exhausted by the conflict, signed the Treaty of The Hague ( 1698 ), also known as the First Partition Treaty, in which they agreed to recognize Joseph Ferdinand as heir to the Spanish throne but divided the Spanish territories in Italy and the Low Countries between the French and Austrian dynasties.

* December 28 – The Young Lords took over the First Spanish Methodist Church in East Harlem.

: The First Battle of Amgala breaks out between Morocco and Algeria in the Spanish Sahara

* February 11 – The Spanish Cortes deposes King Amadeus I and proclaims the First Spanish Republic.

Subsequently the Madrid garrison follows suit and the First Spanish Republic comes to an end.

With the birth of the Turkish Republic after the First World War, St. Sophia became a museum, and the ancient mosaics, which were plastered over by the Moslems, whose religion forbids pictures in holy places, have been restored.

First documented in the 13th century, Berlin was the capital of the Kingdom of Prussia ( 1701 – 1918 ), the German Empire ( 1871 – 1918 ), the Weimar Republic ( 1919 – 1933 ) and the Third Reich ( 1933 – 1945 ).

It commemorates the 1790 Fête de la Fédération, held on the first anniversary of the storming of the Bastille on 14 July 1789 ; the anniversary of the storming of the Bastille fortress-prison was seen as a symbol of the uprising of the modern nation, and of the reconciliation of all the French inside the constitutional monarchy which preceded the First Republic, during the French Revolution.

Following Napoleon Bonaparte's victories over the Austrian Empire in Northern Italy – helping to secure France victory in the War of the First Coalition in 1797 – Great Britain remained the only major European power still at war with the French Republic.

The House of Bonaparte is an imperial and royal European dynasty founded by Napoleon I of France in 1804, a French military leader who rose to notability out of the French Revolution and transformed the French Republic into the First French Empire within five years of his coup d ' état.

The Peace of Basel in 1795 between the French Republic and Prussia and Spain ended the First Coalition against France during the French Revolutionary Wars.

Sinn Féin won 73 out of 105 seats in Ireland at the general election held in December 1918, and in January 1919 organised themselves as the First Dáil, which then declared an independent Irish Republic.

The title was also used in other city states and also revived in modern states, notably in the First French Republic.

Following the First Chechen War with Russia, Chechnya gained de facto independence as the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria.

* The First Republic: 1952-2012,

Napoleon Bonaparte, who was already First Consul of the French Republic ( Premier Consul de la République française ) for life, declared himself Emperor of the French ( Empereur des Français ) on 18 May 1804, thus creating the Empire of the French ( Empire des Français ).

* Carsten, F. L., The First Austrian Republic 1918-1938 ( Cambridge U. P., 1986 )

The Rising was mounted by Irish republicans with the aims of ending British rule in Ireland and establishing the Irish Republic at a time when the British Empire was heavily engaged in the First World War.

In January 1919, the elected members of Sinn Féin who were not still in prison at the time, including survivors of the Rising, convened the First Dáil and established the Irish Republic.

Northern Ireland, Scotland, Wales, the Republic of Ireland, Australia and New Zealand are notable examples of countries within the UK, or with previous links to it, that use non-FPTP electoral systems ( Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales use First Past the Post in United Kingdom general elections, however ).

He probably participated in the First Punic War, the first of three wars fought between the Roman Republic and Ancient Carthage, although no details of his role are known.

Years appear in writing as Roman numerals ( usually ), with epoch 22 September 1792, the beginning of the ' Republican Era ' ( the day the French First Republic was proclaimed, one day after the Convention abolished the monarchy ).

The First Punic War ( 264 to 241 BC ) was the first of three wars fought between Ancient Carthage and the Roman Republic.

Lieutenant Colonel Ignatius Kutu Acheampong, temporarily commanding the First Brigade around Accra, led a bloodless coup that ended the Second Republic in January 1972.

The French National Convention, the first elected Assembly of the First Republic ( 1792 – 1804 ), on the 4th of February 1794, under the leadership of Maximilien Robespierre, abolished slavery by law in France and all its colonies.

After the first great victory of the French revolutionary troops at the Battle of Valmy on 20 September 1792, the French First Republic was proclaimed the next day, on 21 September 1792.

The Consulate still operated within the First Republic.