Simon Dubnow, who was ambivalent toward Zionism, formulated Jewish Autonomism which was adopted in eastern Europe by Jewish political parties such as the Bund and his own Folkspartei before World War II.

In the same year, he with Israel Efrojkin founded the Folkspartei ( Jewish People's Party ), which successfully worked for the election of MPs and municipal councilors in interwar Lithuania and Poland.

His formulated ideology became known as Jewish Autonomism, once widely popular in eastern Europe, being adopted in its various derivations by Jewish political parties such as the Bund and his Folkspartei.

The Austromarxist principle of national personal autonomy was later adopted by various parties, among them the Bund ( General Jewish Labour Union ), left-wing Zionists ( Hashomer Hatzair ) in favour of a binational solution in Palestine, the Jewish Folkspartei between the two world wars, and the Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania after 1989.

The oldest prototypes of ethnic parties are the Jewish parties of the Russian and Austro-Hungarian empires, e. g. Bund, Folkspartei, World Agudath Israel, and the Swedish party in Finland, Svenska Folkpartiet ( SFP ), all of them founded in the end of the 19th century or in the first decade of the 20th.

At the 1936 Jewish community elections in Warsaw, the Folkspartei only got 1 seat out of 50, while the Bund got 15.

Panevėžys ), was elected ( or rather succeeded elected MP Naphtali Friedman, a nonpartisan lawyer, after his death ) for the Folkspartei on a common Jewish electoral list ( with the Zionist parties and Agudat Israel ) at the first elected Lituanian Parliament ( Seimas ) in 1920 when there were 6 Jewish parties deputies out of 112.

There were Zionist parties ( themselves divided into Revisionist, General, Religious or Labour parties ), there was Agudat Israel ( an Orthodox religious party ), the Bund ( Marxist ) and the Folkspartei ( liberal ).

In the aftermath of the 1905 pogroms in Russia, the historian Simon Dubnow founded the Folkspartei ( Yiddishe Folkspartay ) which had some intellectual audience in Russia, then, in independent Poland and Lithuania in the 1920 – 1930s where it was represented as well in the Parliaments ( Sejm, Seimas ) as in numerous municipal councils ( incl.

Among these events, ranging from a few positive to news headlines to crimes against humanity, were: the pogroms, the co-opted 1905 Russian Revolution, founding of the Folkspartei, the First World War, the February Revolution followed by the October Bolshevik, the Balfour Declaration of 1917, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, the Versailles Treaty, the Polish – Soviet War, the Weimar inflation, the U. S. A. Immigration Act of 1924, exile of Leon Trotsky by Joseph Stalin, the Soviet Gulag, the Great Depression, collectivization of the Ukraine, the Nazi regime, the Nuremberg racial laws, Stalin's Great Purge, Kristalnacht, the 1939 White Paper, the Nazi – Soviet Pact, the Second World War, the Soviet-Nazi War, and the Shoah.

The Jewish Autonomous Oblast (, Yevreyskaya avtonomnaya oblast ;, yidishe avtonome gegnt ) is a federal subject of Russia ( an autonomous oblast ) situated in the Russian Far East, bordering with Khabarovsk Krai and Amur Oblast of Russia and Heilongjiang province of China.

In 1928, the Soviet Union created the Jewish Autonomous Oblast (, yidishe avtonome gegnt ).

The Book of Lamentations (, Eikhah, ʾēkhā ( h )) is a poetic book of the Hebrew Bible composed by the Jewish prophet Jeremiah.

While animal sacrifice was part of the practice of ancient Judaism, the Tanakh ( Old Testament ) and Jewish teaching portray human sacrifice as one of the evils that separated the pagans of Canaan from the Hebrews (, ).

Hanukkah (, Tiberian:, usually spelled, pronounced in Modern Hebrew ; also romanized as Chanukah, Chanukkah, Chanuka, or Khanukah ), also known as the Festival of Lights, is an eight-day Jewish holiday commemorating the rededication of the Holy Temple ( the Second Temple ) in Jerusalem at the time of the Maccabean Revolt of the 2nd century BCE.

Hanukkah (, " dedication ") also known as the Festival of Lights, is an eight day Jewish holiday that starts on the 25th day of Kislev ( Hebrew calendar ).

Jewish prayer (, tefilláh ; plural, tefillos or tefillót ; Yiddish ת ּ פ ֿ לה tfíle, plural ת ּ פ ֿ לות tfílles ; Yinglish: davening from Yiddish דא ַ וונען davnen ‘ to pray ’) are the prayer recitations that form part of the observance of Judaism.

Shabbat (, Ashkenazi pronunciation: Shabbos,, " rest " or " cessation ") is the seventh day of the Jewish week and the Jewish day of rest.

Yom Kippur (,, or ), also known as Day of Atonement, is the holiest day of the year for the Jewish people.

The Zohar (, lit Splendor or Radiance ) is the foundational work in the literature of Jewish mystical thought known as Kabbalah.

Zionism (, Tsiyonut ) is a form of nationalism of Jews and Jewish culture that supports a Jewish nation state in territory defined as the Land of Israel.

The Talmud, in Tractate Sukkah 48a, describes Shemini Atzeret with the words " a holiday in its own right " (, regel bifnei atzmo ) with respect to six specific halakhic ( Jewish law ) issues.

The Israelites (, Standard: ; Tiberian: ; ISO 259-3: ) were a Semitic Hebrew-speaking people of the Ancient Near East, who inhabited part of the Land of Canaan during the tribal and monarchic periods ( 15th to 6th centuries BCE ), later evolving into Jews and Samaritans of the Hellenistic and Roman periods, inhabiting the territories of Judea and Galilee, and Samaria respectively, though a Jewish diaspora had already developed outside of Judea and Galilee.

The Romaniotes or Romaniots (, Rōmaniōtes ) are a Jewish population who have lived in the territory of today's Greece and neighboring areas with large Greek populations for more than 2, 000 years.

Artaxerxes (, ) commissioned Ezra, a Jewish priest ( kohen ) and scribe, by means of a letter of decree ( see Cyrus's edict ), to take charge of the ecclesiastical and civil affairs of the Jewish nation.

The traditional Jewish belief was that the ( Jewish ) Messiah would be of the Davidic line, based on the's promise to David of an everlasting throne for his offspring (,,, ).

* Mordecai David Brandstädter (, 1844, Brzesko-1928 ), a Jewish

Niyazov or Niazov, f. Niyazova or Niazova (, Noyozov ) is a Russianized Central Asian ( Kazakh, Uzbek, Bukhari Jewish, Tajiki, and Turkmen ) family name, and it may refer to:

The Shulchan Aruch (, literally: " Set Table ") also known as the Code of Jewish Law, is the most authoritative legal code of Judaism.

Ashkenazi Jews, also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim (,, singular:,, ; also, " The Jews of Ashkenaz "), are the Jews descended from the medieval Jewish communities along the Rhine in Germany from Alsace in the south to the Rhineland in the north.

Mixtures of milk and meat (, basar bechalav, literally " meat in milk ") are prohibited according to Jewish law-Halakha ().

Nili (, an acronym of a phrase נצח ישראל לא ישקר ( I Samuel 15: 29 ; transliteration: Netzakh Yisrael Lo Yishaker, translation: " The Eternity ( GOD ) of Israel will not lie ") was a Jewish espionage network which assisted the United Kingdom in its fight against the Ottoman Empire in Palestine during World War I.

The war was fought from 27 January to 15 May 1918 between the forces of the Social Democrats led by the People's Deputation of Finland, commonly called the " Reds " (, ), and the forces of the non-socialist, conservative-led Senate, commonly called the " Whites " (, ).

The Polish People's Party (, abbreviated to PSL ( traditionally translated as Polish Peasants ' Party ), is a centrist, agrarian, and Christian democratic political party in Poland.

The Chinese democracy movement (, abbreviated as Mínyùn ()) refers to a series of loosely organized political movements in the People's Republic of China against the continued one-party rule by the Communist Party.

The People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (, VVD ), often referred to in the English language press as the Liberals or by its initials from its official Dutch name, is a conservative-liberal political party in the Netherlands.

The People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (, Narodnyy Komissariat Vnutrennikh Del ), abbreviated NKVD ( ) was the public and secret police organization of the Soviet Union that directly executed the rule of power of the Soviets, including political repression, during the era of Joseph Stalin.

(, known formerly in the West by its postal map spellings of Szechwan or Szechuan ) is a province of the People's Republic of China, located in the southwest of the country.

The President of the People's Republic of China (, formerly called Chairman of the People's Republic of China from 1954 to 1975, or Guójiā Zhǔxí 国家主席, literally State Chairman ) is a ceremonial office and a part of State organs under the National People's Congress ( NPC ) and its incumbent is the head of state of the People's Republic of China ( PRC ).

The Austrian People's Party (, ÖVP ) is a Christian democratic and conservative political party in Austria.

Mengistu Haile Mariam (, pronounced ; born 21 May 1937 ) is an Ethiopian politician who was the most prominent officer of the Derg, the Communist military junta that governed Ethiopia from 1974 to 1987, and President of the People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia from 1987 to 1991.

Jilin (, ; Postal map spelling: Kirin ), is a province of the People's Republic of China located in the northeastern part of the country.

Meanwhile, the North became the Chosŏn Minjujuŭi Inmin Konghwaguk (, ) literally the " Joseon Democratic People's Republic ", known in English as the Democratic People's Republic of Korea.

He then gathered most of the right wing of the old National Liberal Party into the German People's Party (, DVP ), with himself as chairman.

The Central Military Commission ( CMC ) () refers to the parallel national defense organizations of the Communist Party of China and the People's Republic of China: the Central Military Commission of the People's Republic of China (, a state organ ) and the Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of China (, a party organ ).

The Liberal People's Party (, FP ) is a liberal political party in Sweden.

The National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (, shortened ) typically holds a yearly meeting at the same time as plenary sessions of the National People's Congress ( NPC ).

The German People's Party (, or DVP ) was a national liberal party in Weimar Germany and a successor to the National Liberal Party of the German Empire.