The goal of the Annales was to undo the work of the Sorbonnistes, to turn French historians away from the narrowly political and diplomatic toward the new vistas in social and economic history.

After the indecisive < ref name =" British historian Townsend Miller "> British historian Townsend Miller: “ But, if the outcome of < nowiki > battle of </ nowiki > Toro, militarily, is debatable, there is no doubt whatsoever as to its enormous psychological and political effects ” in The battle of Toro, 1476, in History Today, volume 14, 1964, p. 270 </ ref > Battle of Toro in 1476 against King Ferdinand II of Aragon, the husband of Isabella I of Castile, he went to France to obtain the assistance of Louis XI, but finding himself deceived by the French monarch, he returned to Portugal in 1477 in very low spirits.

* 2007 – René Rémond, French historian and political economist ( b. 1918 )

Also as Salieri aged he moved slowly away from his more liberal political stances as he saw the enlightened reform of Joseph II's reign, and the hoped for reforms of the French revolution, replaced with more radical revolutionary ideas.

As the political situation threatened and eventually overwhelmed Austria, which was repeatedly crushed by French political forces, Salieri's first and most important biographer Mosel described the emotional effect that this political, social, and cultural upheaval had on the composer.

" God knows I go with a heavy heart ," he wrote six days later to his friend and political ally in England, Lord Godolphin, " for I have no hope of doing anything considerable, unless the French do what I am very confident they will not … " – in other words, court battle.

Earlier French demands for the country to hold a National Conference resulted in the gathering of 750 delegates representing political parties ( which were legalized in 1992 ), the government, trade unions and the army to discuss the creation of a pluralist democratic regime.

Other utilitarian-type views include the claims that the end of action is survival and growth, as in evolutionary ethics ( the 19th-century English philosopher Herbert Spencer ); the experience of power, as in despotism ( the 16th-century Italian political philosopher Niccolò Machiavelli and the 19th-century German Friedrich Nietzsche ); satisfaction and adjustment, as in pragmatism ( 20th-century American philosophers Ralph Barton Perry and John Dewey ); and freedom, as in existentialism ( the 20th-century French philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre ).

French political cartoon from the late 1890s.

With Mahoré continuing to gravitate politically and economically toward France, and Comoros increasingly dependent on the French for help with its own considerable social, political, and economic problems, the issue of Mahoré diminished somewhat in urgency.

In Belgium, where there are separate Dutch speaking and French speaking parties for each political grouping, coalition cabinets of up to six parties are quite common.

Later on, during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, this French revolutionary principle – though not of course its specific way to identify the “ general will ” – percolated into first Socialist and then Fascist political thinking.

The first established use of the term in a political context was by François-René de Chateaubriand in 1819, following the French Revolution.

The unease and self-deception that characterized that period of colonial history would be revisited in many forms at political and social moments of crisis ( such as the Salem witch trials, which coincided with frontier warfare and economic competition among Indians and French and other European settlers ) and during lengthy periods of cultural definition ( such as the American Renaissance of the late 18th-and early 19th-century literary, visual, and architectural movements, which sought to capitalize on unique American identities ).

Modern Nationalism, as developed especially since the French Revolution, has made the distinction between " language " and " dialect " an issue of great political importance.

The Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation was already weak when the French Revolution and the ensuing Napoleonic Wars altered the political map of Central Europe.

As can be seen in the texts, the French declaration is heavily influenced by the political philosophy of the Enlightenment, and by Enlightenment principles of human rights, some of which it shares with the U. S. Declaration of Independence which preceded it ( 4 July 1776 ).

A French translation of Chambers ' work inspired the Encyclopédie, perhaps the most famous early encyclopedia, notable for its scope, the quality of some contributions, and its political and cultural impact in the years leading up to the French revolution.

In a similar way to the moderate parties, the French far right in general is naturally opposed to the EU, as they criticize France's loss of political and economic sovereignty to a supra-national entity.

Internal political upheaval eventually led to 23 years of nearly continuous conflict in the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars.

Social, political, and economic upheaval in the wake of the conflict led to the Second World War, in which the Allies were defeated in the Battle of France and the French government surrendered and was replaced with an authoritarian regime.

* 1799 – Jean-Charles de Borda, French mathematician, physicist, political scientist, and sailor ( b. 1733 )

* 1744 – Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, French scientist ( d. 1829 )

* 1660 – Hubert Gautier, French scientist and engineer ( d. 1737 )

* 1838 – Paul Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran, French scientist ( d. 1912 )

In 1898, the French scientist Paul-Louis Simond ( who had also come to China to battle the Third Pandemic ) established the rat-flea vector that drives the disease.

In 1800 German scientist Alexander von Humboldt and French botanist Aimé Bonpland explored the river.

Although recognized previously by others, the mathematical expression for the Coriolis force appeared in an 1835 paper by French scientist Gaspard-Gustave Coriolis, in connection with the theory of water wheels, Early in the 20th century, the term Coriolis force began to be used in connection with meteorology.

* 1822 – Louis Pasteur, French scientist ( d. 1895 )

* Robert M. French – cognitive scientist

However, in 1900 the French scientist Paul Villard discovered a third neutrally charged and especially penetrating type of radiation from radium, and after he described it, Rutherford realized it must be yet a third type of radiation, which in 1903 Rutherford named gamma rays.

Édouard Alexandre de Pomiane, sometimes Édouard Pozerski ( 20 April 1875 – 26 January 1964 ) was a French scientist, radio broadcaster and food writer.

* 1583 – Jean-Baptiste Morin, French scientist ( d. 1656 )

* 1657 – Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle, French scientist and man of letters ( d. 1757 )

* 1683 – René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur, French scientist ( d. 1757 )

Gaspard-Gustave de Coriolis or Gustave Coriolis (; 21 May 1792 – 19 September 1843 ) was a French mathematician, mechanical engineer and scientist.

* 1633 – Jean de Thévenot, French linguist, scientist, and botanist ( d. 1667 )

* 1592 – Pierre Gassendi, French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist ( d. 1655 )

In an irony of fate, Rousseau's later injunction to women to breastfeed their own babies ( as had previously been recommended by the French natural scientist Buffon ), probably saved the lives of thousands of infants.

* 1867 – Jean-Baptiste Charcot, French scientist and medical doctor ( d. 1936 )

Jacques-Yves Cousteau (; commonly known in English as Jacques Cousteau ; 11 June 1910 – 25 June 1997 ) was a French naval officer, explorer, conservationist, filmmaker, innovator, scientist, photographer, author and researcher who studied the sea and all forms of life in water.

Lutetium was independently discovered in 1907 by French scientist Georges Urbain, Austrian mineralogist Baron Carl Auer von Welsbach, and American chemist Charles James.

It took nearly 10 years before a general acceptance of the origin of meteorites was achieved through the work of the French scientist Jean-Baptiste Biot and the British chemist, Edward Howard.

The French scientist Paul ( Louis-Toussaint ) Héroult ( April 10, 1863 – May 9, 1914 ) was the inventor of the aluminium electrolysis and of the electric steel furnace.

The French political scientist Maurice Duverger drew a distinction between cadre parties and mass parties.

Charles Cros, a French poet and amateur scientist, is the first person known to have made the conceptual leaps from recording sound as a traced line to the theoretical possibility of reproducing the sound from the tracing and then to a definite method for accomplishing the reproduction.