The breakup of the Holy Roman Empire and the downfall of feudalism led, not more than two centuries ago, to the surge of nationalism.

Representing as it did the efforts of only unauthorized individuals of the Roman and Anglican Churches, and urging a communion of prayer unacceptable to Rome, this association produced little fruit, and, in fact, was condemned by the Holy Office in 1864.

* 1632 – Maria Leopoldine of Austria, Holy Roman Empire Empress ( d. 1649 )

* 1632 – Battle of Rain: Swedes under Gustavus Adolphus defeat the Holy Roman Empire during the Thirty Years ' War.

* 1806 – Francis II, the last Holy Roman Emperor, abdicates ending the Holy Roman Empire.

* 1697 – Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor ( d. 1745 )

Francis I of France recognizes Charles's claim to Naples, and Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, recognizes Francis's claim to Milan.

* 1645 – Thirty Years ' War: the Second Battle of Nördlingen sees French forces defeating those of the Holy Roman Empire.

Until the dissolution of Holy Roman Empire and mediatization of smaller imperial fiefs by Napoleon, the evangelical Abbess of Quedlinburg was also per officio the head of that reichsunmittelbar state.

* 1521 – Martin Luther's first appearance before the Diet of Worms to be examined by the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and the other estates of the empire.

* 982 – Holy Roman Emperor Otto II is defeated by the Saracens in the battle of Capo Colonna, in Calabria

Following the treaty of Verdun of 843, Alemannia became a province of the eastern kingdom of Louis the German, the precursor of the Holy Roman Empire.

Over the next 500 years, most kings of Germany destined to reign over the Holy Roman Empire were crowned in Aachen.

* 1111 – Henry V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor.

At Christmas 1196, Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI attempted to force Alexios III to pay him a tribute of 5, 000 pounds ( later negotiated down to 1, 600 pounds ) of gold or face invasion.

After his education, Alexei married, albeit greatly against his will Princess Charlotte of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, whose family was connected by marriage to many of the great families of Europe i. e., Charlotte's sister Elizabeth was married to Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI, ruler of the Habsburg Monarchy.

* 1619 – Ferdinand II is elected emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.

Absalon's main political goal was to free Denmark from entanglements with the Holy Roman Empire.

However, during the schism between Pope Alexander III and Antipope Victor IV, Absalon stayed loyal to Valdemar even as he joined the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barberossa in supporting Victor IV.

Absalon kept his hostile attitude to the Holy Roman Empire.

This provision was repealed in 1716, at the request of George I, who was also the Elector of Hanover and Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg of the Holy Roman Empire, and so frequently needed and wanted to stay in Hanover.

* 1675 – Franco-Dutch War: forces of the Holy Roman Empire defeat the French in the Battle of Konzer Brücke.

* In the anime Code Geass, the Holy Britannian Empire constructs an arcology over the ruins of Tokyo called the Tokyo Settlement.

John XXIII was acknowledged as pope by France, England, Bohemia, Prussia, Portugal, parts of the Holy Roman Empire, and numerous Northern Italian city states, including Florence and Venice ; however, the Avignon Pope Benedict XIII was regarded as pope by the Kingdoms of Aragon, Castile, and Scotland and Gregory XII was still favored by Ladislaus of Naples, Carlo I Malatesta, the princes of Bavaria, Louis III, Elector Palatine, and parts of Germany and Poland.

* 1673 – Wilhelmina Amalia of Brunswick, Holy Roman Empire Empress ( d. 1742 )

* Bryce, James, The Holy Roman Empire, MacMillan.

Empress Adelaide was perhaps the most prominent European woman of the 10th century ; she was regent of the Holy Roman Empire as the guardian of her grandson in 991-995.

* Bar, a historic duchy of both the Holy Roman Empire and the crown of France ; see Counts and Dukes of Bar

As well as being arch chancellors of the Holy Roman Empire after the 9th century, bishops generally served as chancellors to medieval monarchs, acting as head of the justiciary and chief chaplain.

Figures such as Benedict of Aniane were authorized by the Emperor Louis the Pious and his successors to promote its adoption by monasteries throughout the Holy Roman Empire.

The land remained under the name of Bohemia and part of the Holy Roman Empire even when centuries later Czech people moved to the area.

It was a state of the Holy Roman Empire for some time, probably starting at 1161 / 1165, but never managed to gain control over a significant territory, being overshadowed by the Margraviate of Brandenburg, which was originally seated in the same city.

* The Duchy of Brabant, a duchy of the Holy Roman Empire between 1183 – 1648 covering parts of the Netherlands and Belgium, ruled over by the Dukes of Brabant

Some notable collectors were Pope Boniface VIII, Emperor Maximilian of the Holy Roman Empire, Louis XIV of France, Ferdinand I, Henry IV of France and Elector Joachim II of Brandenburg, who started the Berlin Coin Cabinet ( German: Münzkabinett Berlin ).

The publication of the book Crusade against the Grail by the young German Otto Rahn in the 1930s rekindled interest in the connection between the Cathars and the Holy Grail.

A diagram of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre based on a German documentary, traditional site of Calvary and the Tomb of Jesus

In 1944, with the threat of German flying bombs on London, Thomas moved to the family cottage in Blaen Cwm near Llangain, where Thomas resumed writing poetry, completing " Holy Spring " and " Vision and Prayer ".

( The Council of Constance was called by the German King and later Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund and only obtained papal confirmation later.

After the dissolution of the so-called Stem duchy of Franconia, the Holy Roman Emperors created the Franconian Circle ( German Fränkischer Reichskreis ) in 1500 to embrace the principalities that grew out of the eastern half of the former duchy.

Frederick the Peaceful KG ( September 21, 1415 – August 19, 1493 ) was Duke of Austria as Frederick V from 1424, the successor of Albert II as German King as Frederick IV from 1440, and Holy Roman Emperor as Frederick III from 1452.

In 1440 he was elected German king as Frederick IV and in 1452 crowned Holy Roman Emperor as Frederick III by Pope Nicholas V. In 1452, at the age of 37, he married the 18-year-old Infanta Eleanor, daughter of King Edward of Portugal, whose dowry helped him to alleviate his debts and cement his power.

The German Confederation, a loose association of Central European states was created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to organize the surviving states of the Holy Roman Empire.

Two years later, Francis personally wound up the moribund Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation.

The German word Land is the exact cognate of English land but it carries many political, constitutional, and historical meanings absent from the English term ( among other things a constituent state of the German Federal Republic, historically a principality of the Holy Roman Empire, but also " rural " as opposed to " urban ", etc .— the Swedish lantis equating to " country bumpkin " or " hick "— most of these meanings are borne by the Anglo-Norman word country in English ).

In 962, Otto I became the first emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, the medieval German state.

In a decree following the 1512 Diet of Cologne, the name was officially changed to Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation (, ).

The monastic state of the Teutonic Order () and its later German successor states of Prussia however never were part of the Holy Roman Empire.

In this year, the Empire also received its new title, the Heiliges Römisches Reich Deutscher Nation (" Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation ").

In addition to conflicts between his Spanish and German inheritances, conflicts of religion would be another source of tension during the reign of Charles V. Before Charles even began his reign in the Holy Roman Empire, in 1517, Martin Luther initiated what would later be known as the Reformation.

The HRE army was half Polish / Lithuanian Commonwealth forces, mostly cavalry, and half Holy Roman Empire forces ( German / Austrian ), mostly infantry.

Hamburg's official name, Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg ( German: Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg ), reflects Hamburg's history as a member of the medieval Hanseatic League, as a free imperial city of the Holy Roman Empire, and that Hamburg is a city-state and one of the sixteen States of Germany.

Holy Roman Emperor Charles V ( born in 1500 ) quipped, " I speak Spanish to God, Italian to women, French to men, and German to my horse.

On August 6, 1806, pressed both by Napoleon and by several German princes ( including some Electors ), the last Holy Roman emperor, Emperor Francis II, by edict dissolved the Empire.

She invited numerous German religious people from the Holy Roman Empire into the Silesian lands, as well as German settlers who founded numerous cities, towns and villages in the course of the Ostsiedlung, while cultivating barren parts of Silesia for agriculture.