The prince of the capital Suyab, situated north of the Chu river in the Turgesh land, was a brother of one of the Göktürk khans, but bore the Persian title Yalan-shah, i. e. " King of Heroes ".

As the Göktürk Empire expanded westwards, Bayan Khagan led a group of Avars and Bulgars out of their reach, eventually settling in Pannonia in 568.

* Peer-reviewed Encyclopedia entry on Fitts ' Law by Mehmet Göktürk

After the destruction of the Göktürk Kaganate its heritage was carried on by many peoples, including Kipchaks, Kimek, Uyghurs, Bajanaks, Oguz, Karluks, Kyrgyz, Türgeshes, Khazars, Bulgars and others.

While in Khorasan he fought a series of campaigns against the remnants of the Göktürk Khaganate over Transoxiana, imposing the jizya on the conquered population.

The Göktürk rulers originated from the Ashina clan, a tribe of obscure origins who lived in the northern corner of Inner Asia.

The first kingdom to emerge from the Göktürk khanate was the Buddhist Uyghur Empire that flourished in the territory encompassing most of Central Asia from 740 to 840 AD.

* Muhan Khan, Khagan of Göktürk Empire from ( 554-572 ) during which Sogdian influence reached its zenith

Li's refusal to kill Göktürk women and child prisoners causes a mutiny, leading him to be expelled from the army and become a fugitive, traveling through the Gobi Desert.

Li protects the caravan from Göktürks as well as the overlord of the region, Master An, who is hired by the Göktürk Khan to seize the relic.

A kilij ( from Turkish kılıç, literally " a sword ") is a type of one-handed, single edged and moderately curved saber used by the Turks and related cultures throughout history starting from the late Hsiung-nu period to the time of the Avar Empire and the Göktürk Khaganate, Uyghur Khaganate, Seljuk Empire, Timurid Empire, Mamluk Empire, Ottoman Empire, and the later Turkic Khanates of Central Asia and Eurasian steppes.

The two main branches of the family, one descended from Bumin and the other from his brother Istemi, ruled over the eastern and western parts of the Göktürk empire, respectively.

By the 550s, Bumin Khan felt strong enough to throw off the yoke of the Rouran domination and established the Göktürk Empire, which flourished until the 630s and from 680s until 740s.

After the collapse of the Göktürk empire under pressure from the resurgent Uyghurs, branches of the Ashina clan moved westward to Europe, where they became the kaghans of the Khazars and possibly other nomadic peoples with Turkic roots.

Old Turkic ( also East Old Turkic, Orkhon Turkic, Old Uyghur ) is the earliest attested form of Turkic, found in Göktürk and Uyghur inscriptions dating from about the 7th century to the 13th century.

The first evidence comes from a stone stele with runic inscriptions, which was erected in the valley by Bilge Khan, an 8th century ruler of the Göktürk Empire.

# The so-called Orkhon monuments are early 8th-century Turkic memorials to Bilge Khan and Kul Tigin, the most impressive monuments from the nomadic Göktürk Empire.

From 552 to 745, Göktürk leadership bound together the nomadic Turkic tribes into an empire, which eventually collapsed due to a series of dynastic conflicts.

According to Charles Holcombe, the early Tujue population was rather heterogeneous and many of the names of Göktürk rulers are not even Turkic.

The Old Turkic script ( also known as variously Göktürk script, Orkhon script, Orkhon-Yenisey script ) is the alphabet used by the Göktürk and other early Turkic Khanates during the 8th to 10th centuries to record the Old Turkic language.

) was the yabgu and commander-in-chief of four Göktürk khagans, the best known of whom is Bilge Khan.

He played a major role in politics of the Turkic tribes and establishment and assertion of the Göktürk state against the Chinese Tang Dynasty.

* 629 – 630: Emperor Taizong's campaign against Eastern Tujue, Chinese Tang Dynasty forces under commanders Li Jing and Li Shiji destroy the Göktürk Khanate.

* The Tang Dynasty Chinese general Li Jing captures the Jiali Khan Ashina Duobi, which leads to success in Emperor Taizong's campaign against Eastern Tujue launched at the end of the previous year, and results in the disintegration of the Göktürk Khanate.

* The Chinese Tang Dynasty launches Emperor Taizong's campaign against Eastern Tujue, a Göktürk khanate.

* Kül Tigin, brother of Bilge Khan and co-administrator of the Göktürk empire ( b. 685 )

This was during the campaign against Eastern Tujue, a Göktürk khanate that was destroyed after the capture of Jiali Khan Ashini Duobi by the famed Tang military officer Li Jing ( 571 – 649 ), who later became a Chancellor of the Tang Dynasty.

After the widespread Göktürk revolt of Shabolüe Khan ( d. 658 ) was put down at Issyk Kul in 657 by Su Dingfang ( 591 – 667 ), Emperor Gaozong established several protectorates governed by a Protectorate General or Grand Protectorate General, which extended the Chinese sphere of influence as far as Herat in Western Afghanistan.

Turkic tribes, such as Khazars and Pechenegs, probably lived as nomads for many years before establishing the Göktürk Empire or Mongolia in the 6th century.

This is noted in the Göktürk monument inscriptions, the military band was later used by other Turkic state's armies and later by Europeans.

This was the first written reference to Oghuz, and was dated to the period of the Göktürk empire.

The Oghuz community gradually grew larger, uniting more Turkic tribes prior and during the Göktürk establishment.

Prior to the Göktürk state, there are references to the Sekiz-Oghuz (" eight-Oghuz ") and the Dokuz-Oghuz (" nine-Oghuz ") union.

During the establishment of the Göktürk state, Oghuz tribes inhabited the Altay mountain region and also lived in northeastern areas of the Altay mountains along the Tula River.

After his death in 609 A. D., Princess Yicheng, in accordance with the Göktürk custom of levirate marriage, remarried to Yami Qaghan's successor and son ( by another wife ), Shibi Qaghan.

It is not clear whether or in what way these Avars are related to the early " Pseudo-Avars " of the Dark Ages, but it is known that with the mediation of Sarosios in 567, the Göktürks requested Byzantium to distinguish the Avars of Pannonia as " Pseudo-Avars " as opposed to the true Avars of the east who had come under the Göktürk hegemony.

The supporters of the Avar khans, including Hadji Murad, conspired against Gamzat-bek and killed him ( Leo Tolstoy's story Hadji Murat is based on this event ).

According to an account by Munajjimbashi, based on a tradition ultimately stemming from a Karakhanid emissary in 1105 to the Abbasid court, he was the first of the khans to convert to Islam under the influence of a faqīh from Bukhara.

Within four years, Ghazan began sending tributes to the Yuan court, appealed to other khans to accept Temur Khan as their overlord, and oversaw an extensive program of cultural and scientific interaction between the Ilkhanate and the Yuan Dynasty in the following decades.

Muslim and non-Muslim princes in the Chagatai Khanate warred with each other from 1331 – 1343, and the Chagatai Khanate disintegrated when non-Genghisid warlords set up their own puppet khans in Transoxiana and Moghulistan.

Lodging places called khans, or caravanserai, for travellers and their animals, or caravansarais, generally displayed utilitarian rather than ornamental architecture, with rubble masonry, strong fortifications, and minimal comfort.

The historian Rashid-al-Din Hamadani wrote a universal history for the khans around 1315 which provides much material for their history.

The Mongol invasions seem not to have affected the Avar territory and the alliance with the Golden Horde enabled the Avar khans to increase their prosperity.

Cumania was neither a state nor an empire, but different groups under independent rulers, or khans, who acted on their own initiative, meddling in the political life of the surrounding states: the Russian principalities, Bulgaria, Byzantium and the Wallachian states in the Balkans, Armenia and Georgia ( see Kipchaks in Georgia-but here we do not know if it was just Kipchaks, just Cumans, or Kipchaks and Cumans, discussed earlier ) in the Caucasus, and Khwarezm, having reached as far as to create a powerful caste of warriors, the Mamluks and the Mamluk Sultanate.

Cumania was neither a state nor an empire, but different groups under independent rulers, or khans, who acted on their own initiative, meddling in the political life of the surrounding states: the Russian principalities, Bulgaria, Byzantium and the Wallachian states in the Balkans, Armenia and Georgia ( see Kipchaks in Georgia ) in the Caucasus, and Khwarezm, having reached as far as to create a powerful caste of warriors, the Mamluks, serving the Muslim Arab and Turkish Caliphs and Sultans.

In order to legitimatize their rule, they maintained a member of the house of Genghis Khan on the throne, but these khans were no more than puppets.

After his death his successors, the Timurids, are also reported to have had their own shadow khans until the mid-15th century.

A Chagatayid restoration occurred in the 1380s, but the Dughlats retained an important position within the khanate ; for the next forty years they installed several khans of their own choosing.

This situation persisted until the 1670s, when the Moghul khans apparently tried to reassert their authority by expelling the leader of the Aq Taghlik.

The khans continued to mint coins and use their names in Friday prayers, two important signs of sovereignty.

The Nogays, who provided a significant portion of the Crimean military forces, also took back their support from the khans towards the end of the empire.

Qasim khans with their guard participated in all of Russia's raids into Kazan ( 1467 – 1469, 1487, 1552 ).

The horse breeding enterprise established by the Karabakh khans and developed by their heirs was destroyed in 1905.

The Russians were unmitigatedly hateful to the native population of Kashgar ( because of close contacts their elite with Kokand khans who recently where expelled during Russian conquest of Turkestan ), which would have ruined Yaqub Beg if he sought extensive aid from them, which he was inclined to originally.

After the death of Genghis Khan it was obvious the succeeding khans needed to implement effective government control over their subjects ; the importance of local government, run by the natives, became evident.