** Rashid-al-Din Hamadani, Persian writer and historian ( b. 1247 )

* Rashid-al-Din Hamadani, Persian writer and historian ( approximate date ) ( d. 1318 )

In Persia, the historian Rashid-al-Din Hamadani records some eleven Buddhist texts circulating in Arabic translation, amongst which the Sukhavati-vyuha and Karanda-vyuha Sutras are recognizable.

Muslim historian Rashid-al-Din Hamadani quoted Berke as sending the following message to Mongke Khan, protesting the attack on Baghdad ( not knowing Mongke had died in China ): " He has sacked all the cities of the Muslims, and has brought about the death of the Caliph.

According to the historian Rashid-al-Din Hamadani, Kublai granted Hulagu ( Hulegu ) the title of Ilkhan after his defeat of Ariq Boke.

In his " History of the Mongols ", the Persian historian Rashid-al-Din Hamadani, referred to Cumania around 1236-1237, during the Mongol invasion of Möngke, the future Great Khan of the Mongol Empire.

Bulgarian historian Vasil Zlatarski, based on an information of Rashid-al-Din and other sources, suggests that the voivodeship of Litovoi was under the suzerainty of the Second Bulgarian Empire.

Statue of Rashid-al-Din Hamadani, The Persian physician of Jewish origin, polymathic writer and historian, who wrote an enormous Islamic history, the Jami al-Tawarikh, in the Persian language during Mongol rule.

The most famous such convert was Rashid-al-Din Hamadani, a physician, historian and statesman, who adopted Islam in order to advance his career at Öljeitü's court.

Harris dates studies of both to Classical Greece and Classical Rome, specifically, to Herodotus, often called the " father of history " and the Roman historian, Tacitus, who wrote many of our only surviving contemporary accounts of several ancient Celtic and Germanic peoples.

The chief authorities on the career of Alaric are: the historian Orosius and the poet Claudian, both contemporary, neither disinterested ; Zosimus, a historian who lived probably about half a century after Alaric's death ; and Jordanes, a Goth who wrote the history of his nation in 551, basing his work on The Trojan War.

And a solemn diploma from Christ Church, Canterbury dated 873 is so poorly constructed and written that historian Nicholas Brooks posited a scribe who was either so blind he could not read what he wrote or who knew little or no Latin.

Plato's account of Atlantis may have also inspired parodic imitation: writing only a few decades after the Timaeus and Critias, the historian Theopompus of Chios wrote of a land beyond the ocean known as Meropis.

* Claudius Aelianus, Roman teacher and historian of the 3rd century, who wrote in Greek

The technique — as invigorating as it was unorthodox — was later adopted by cartoonists like Walt Kelly and Garry Trudeau ," wrote comic strip historian Rick Marschall.

The Greek historian Herodotus wrote that Xerxes sought his harem after being defeated in the Greco-Persian Wars.

He is specifically mentioned by Ben Sirah ( a writer of the Hellenistic period who listed the " great sages " of Israel ) and 4 Maccabees ( 1st century CE ), and by the 1st century CE historian Josephus, says that the prophet wrote two books.

" Although the plane came down only five miles northwest of the airport, no one saw or heard the crash ", wrote rock performer, archivist and music historian, Harry Hepcat, in his article about Buddy Holly.

The great historian of the Crusades, Sir Steven Runciman, wrote that the sack of Constantinople is “ unparalleled in history ”.

Fernando de Alva Cortés Ixtlilxóchitl, a Mestizo historian and descendant of Coanacoch, wrote an account of the executions in the 17th century partly based on Texcocan oral tradition.

A priest and historian from Dithmarschen, Neocorus, wrote in 1598 that the banner captured in 1500, was brought to the church in Wöhrden and hung there for the next 59 years, until it was returned to the Danes as part of the peace settlement in 1559.

A historian from Slesvig, Ulrik Petersen ( 1656 – 1735 ), wrote in the late 17th century that the flag hung in Slesvig cathedral till about 1660 until it simply crumbled away, thus ending its more than 400-year-old story.

Munro-Hay cites the Muslim historian Abu Ja ' far al-Khwarazmi / Kharazmi ( who wrote before 833 ) as stating that the capital of " the kingdom of Habash " was Jarma.

A fellow left-wing historian, she wrote studies on women in the Chartist movement, and of Queen Victoria ( subtitled ' Gender and Power '); she was Professor of History at the University of Birmingham.

The Israeli historian Omer Bartov wrote that German films of the 1950s showed the average German soldier as a heroic victim: noble, tough, brave, honourable, and patriotic while fighting hard in a senseless war for a regime that he did not care for.

* Business historian Robert Sobel wrote For Want of a Nail, a fictional history of an alternate North America which included hundreds of fictional footnotes and a bibliography listing over a hundred fictional histories and biographies.

The foremost Roman historian, he wrote an extremely influential account on Rome in the first century, the Annals.

Often called " the first modern historian ", the English scholar Edward Gibbon wrote his magnum opus, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire ( 1776 – 1788 ).

American historian and author Ruth Edna Kelley of Massachusetts wrote the first book length history of the holiday in the U. S ; The Book of Hallowe ' en ( 1919 ), and references souling in the chapter " Hallowe ' en in America ";

In 55 BC the Greek historian Diodorus Siculus wrote that there was an island called Hyperborea ( which means " far to the north ") where a round temple stood from which the moon appeared only a little distance above the earth every 19 years.

" Lillian Hoddeson, a University of Illinois historian who wrote a book on Bardeen, said that because he " differed radically from the popular stereotype of genius and was uninterested in appearing other than ordinary, the public and the media often overlooked him.

The historian E. Mary Smallwood wrote:

The British historian Victor Rothwell wrote that the newspapers that Ribbentrop used to provide his press summaries for Hitler, such as the Daily Express and the Daily Mail, were out of touch not only with British public opinion, but also with British government policy in regard to Poland.

The Muslim historian Rashid al-Din ( 1247 ?– 1318 ) refers in his universal history to the Mongol trebuchets used at the Song cities as " Frankish " or " European trebuchets " (" manjaniq ifranji " or " manjaniq firanji "):

: This page is about the universal historian Arnold Joseph Toynbee ; for his uncle, the economic historian Arnold Toynbee, see Arnold Toynbee.

Arnold Joseph Toynbee CH ( 14 April 1889 – 22 October 1975 ) was a British historian whose twelve-volume analysis of the rise and fall of civilizations, A Study of History, 1934 – 1961, was a synthesis of world history, a metahistory based on universal rhythms of rise, flowering and decline, which examined history from a global perspective.

Arnold Toynbee was the uncle, via his brother Harry Valpy Toynbee, of universal historian Arnold Joseph Toynbee ( 1889 – 1975 ); with whom he is often confused.

) Ranke went on to write that the historian must seek the " Holy hieroglyph " that is God's hand in history, keeping an " eye for the universal " whilst taking " pleasure in the particular ".

The historian David Sturdy has cautioned about regarding the fyrd as a precursor to a modern national army composed of all ranks of society, describing it as a " ridiculous fantasy ": The persistent old belief that peasants and small farmers gathered to form a national army or fyrd is a strange delusion dreamt up by antiquarians in the late eighteenth or early nineteenth centuries to justify universal military conscription.

The historian David Sturdy has cautioned about regarding the fyrd as a precursor to a modern national army composed of all ranks of society, describing it as a " ridiculous fantasy ": The persistent old belief that peasants and small farmers gathered to form a national army or fyrd is a strange delusion dreamt up by antiquarians in the late eighteenth or early nineteenth centuries to justify universal military conscription.

Much of Diodorus's writing about this period is drawn from the much earlier Greek historian Ephorus, who also wrote a universal history.

It was traditionally claimed by some western scholars such as the Universalist historian George T. Knight ( 1911 ) and Pierre Batiffol ( English translation 1914 ) that a form of universal salvation could be found among some theologians in early Christianity.

According to the tenth-century historian Liutprand of Cremona, Stephen ( VI ) VII asked Formosus ' corpse why he " usurped the universal Roman See in such a spirit of ambition " after the death of John VIII, echoing John VIII's own assertion that Formosus had tried to seize the papal throne while he was alive.

During the Han Dynasty ( 202 BCE – 220 CE ) of China, Sima Qian ( 145 – 86 BC ) was the first Chinese historian to attempt a universal history — from the earliest mythological origins of his civilization to his present day — in his Records of the Grand Historian.

In addition to being an ordained minister, a Harvard law graduate, a member of Congress, and a U. S. Ambassador, Dr. Curry was a historian, an author, a college professor, a promoter of education, and a strong advocate of universal education.

Sigebert of Gembloux ( Sigebertus Gemblacensis ) ( c. 1030 – 5 October 1112 ) was a medieval author, known mainly as a pro-Imperial historian of a universal chronicle, opposed to the expansive papacy of Gregory VII and Pascal II.

* Demophilus ( historian ) edited the first universal history which was written by his father Ephorus

The Siege of Lisbon was one of the few Christian victories of the Second Crusade — it was " the only success of the universal operation undertaken by the pilgrim army ," i. e. the Second Crusade, according to the contemporary historian Helmold — and is seen as a pivotal battle of the wider Reconquista.

The American historian Gordon S. Wood called it a universal 18th-century assumption that, while no form of government was more beautiful than a republic, monarchies had various advantages: the pomp and circumstances surrounding them cultivated a sense that the rulers were in fact superior to the ruled and entitled to their obedience, and maintained order by their presence.

More recently, the literary historian Ivo Frangeš said that the prophetic and bitter energy of its poems, although occasionally falling into pathos and rhetoric, embraced universal and cosmic themes, which made the young Kranjčević stand out among his contemporaries, such as August Harambašić, whose main themes were declamatory patriotism or romantic love.