At the time, Olga Ivinskaya was pregnant with Pasternak's child and had a miscarriage while in the GULAG.

In times when the Soviet Union still existed, the earlier katorga system of penal labor camps was replaced by a new one that was controlled by the GULAG state agency.

* Walter Ciszek, a Roman Catholic priest, best selling author, and GULAG survivor was born to a Polish-American family in Shenandoah, Pennsylvania.

After the annexation of Latvia by the Soviet Union, Boris Khariton was arrested by the NKVD and died in GULAG.

It was the " mother of the GULAG " according to Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn.

The canal was constructed by forced labour of GULAG inmates and during its construction some 100, 000 people died ( although various estimates have been stated ).

The workforce for the Canal was supplied by the Belbaltlag camp directorate ( White Sea Baltic Corrective Labor Camp Directorate, WSBC ) of the OGPU GULAG.

In 1933, he was dismissed from the Economic Department and assigned as an overseer to the GULAG.

Then on the first of August 1934 he was transferred to The Chief Directorate of Camps and Labour Colonies well known as GULAG, where he served to 1937, mainly as operative officer in 3rd Section of Security Department of GULAG of the NKVD.

However, according to Alexander Etkind, punitive psychiatry was not simply an inheritance from the Stalinist era as the GULAG ( the acronym for Chief Administration for Corrective Labor Camps, the penitentiary system in the Stalin years ) was an effective instrument of political repression and there was no compelling requirement to develop an alternative and expensive psychiatric substitute.

That same order instructed to classify kulaks and other anti-Soviet elements into two categories: the First category ( Category I ) of repressed was subject to death by shooting, the Second category ( Category II ) was to be sent to GULAG correctional-labor camps.

Norilsk was founded by the end of the 1920s ; however, the official date of founding is traditionally set to 1935, when Norilsk was expanded as a settlement for the Norilsk mining-metallurgic complex and became the center of the Norillag system of GULAG labor camps.

YVC was accused of introducing " counter-revolutionary " ideas in the characters of his anti-heroes in his novels and soon afterwards, he was arrested and sentenced to the GULAG where he died in 1943.

The size, scope, and scale of the GULAG slave labor camp remains a subject of much research and debate.

They intended to eliminate the kulaks as a class by the following: death sentence, labor settlements ( not to be confused with labor camps, although the former were also managed by the GULAG ); or deportation " out of regions of total collectivization of the agriculture ".

The cartoon depicts Pasternak and another GULAG inmate, splitting trees in the snow.

* September 12 – Yusif Vazir Chamanzaminli, Azerbaijani statesman and writer, core author of novel Ali and Nino: A Love Story, 1943, in GULAG.

In implementing Soviet internal policy with respect to perceived enemies of the state (" enemies of the people "), untold multitudes of people were sent to GULAG camps and hundreds of thousands were executed by the NKVD.

* Isaiah Oggins, American spy for the Soviet Union, GULAG survivor, and victim of Stalinism.

* Walter Ciszek-Roman Catholic priest and Russian GULAG survivor.

In 1959, he won the Pulitzer Prize again for a cartoon depicting Doctor Zhivago author Boris Pasternak in a Soviet GULAG with the caption " I won the Nobel Prize for literature.

Some of these men were to be repatriated in the coming years, but others were sent to the GULAG camp system and never returned home.

A number of senior KPD leaders in exile were caught up in Joseph Stalin's Great Purge of 1937-38 and executed, among them Eberlein, Heinz Neumann, Hermann Remmele, Fritz Schulte and Hermann Schubert, or sent to the GULAG, like Margarete Buber-Neumann.

According to Soviet dissident information, many Crimean Tatars were made to work in the large-scale projects conducted by the Soviet GULAG system.

The people deported were sent to remote, scarcely populated, resettlements or to GULAG labour camps.

GULAG A History, Penguin, ISBN 0-14-028310-2.

Production and Terror: The Operation of the Karelian GULAG, 1933 — 1939, Cahiers du Monde russe, 43 / 1, Janvier-mars 2002, pp. 139 – 180.

Origins of the GULAG: The Soviet Prison Camp System, 1917-1934, University Press of Kentucky, 1993. ISBN 0-813-11796-8.

Demand for parts for home entertainment was strong in the first half, but purchases were cut back to lower levels during the fall as set manufacturers reduced their own operating rates.

The half-intensity diameter of the main lobe of the antenna was about 18'.5, and the brightness temperature was reduced by assuming a Gaussian shape for the antenna beam and a uniformly bright disk for the moon.

It was shown that by proper anode design the net energy loss of the arc to the anode could be reduced to approximately 15% of the total arc energy.

Direct proportionality of the rate to the incident intensity has also been assumed in obtaining the value in the last column for the fourth sample of series 2, where the light intensity was reduced by use of a screen.

Treatment of all the sera with sweet clover proteins greatly reduced nonspecific fluorescence, especially when the treated conjugate was diluted to 1: 2 with 0.85% saline.

After Af and Af were passed through Dowex-2-chloride twice and treated twice with healthy sweet clover tissue powder, nonspecific staining was greatly reduced but a disturbing amount of such staining was still present.

Turnover rates of personnel went up, production dropped, and morale was visibly reduced.

By these steps the final AIA list was reduced from 8,000 to 3,500.

But her personality was such that each affair lasted only until that lover, too, had been conquered and reduced to passivity.

This trade was subject to a tariff of 7.5 per cent after February 1835, but much was smuggled into Assiniboia with the result that the duty was reduced by 1841 to 4 per cent on the initiative of the London committee.

In the Notre Dame report, reference was made to the fact that faculty members were reduced to `` luncheon-table communication ''.

He was not reduced to poverty, but his job at the steel company had become a real job and not a method of passing the day.

The committee decided it was important to support upper case 64-character alphabets, and chose to pattern ASCII so it could be reduced easily to a usable 64-character set of graphic codes.

Control of Anatolia was then split between the Byzantine Empire and the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm, with the Byzantine holdings gradually being reduced.

The number of distinct glyphs was reduced tremendously at the cost of increased ambiguity.

In the 1998 version, Alliaceae were a distinct family ; in the 2003 version, combining the Alliaceae with the Agapanthaceae and the Amaryllidaceae sensu stricto was recommended but optional ; in the 2009 version, only the broad circumscription of the Amaryllidaceae is allowed, with the Alliaceae reduced to a subfamily, Allioideae.

The national fertility rate fell and immigration was reduced to a trickle.

Amontons therefore argued that the zero of his thermometer would be that temperature at which the spring of the air in it was reduced to nothing.

After this Macedonia was formally reduced to a Roman province.

It was erected by subscription from grateful matadors, as penicillin greatly reduced the number of deaths in the bullring.

William Scott-Elliot in The Story of Atlantis ( 1896 ) elaborated on Blavatsky's account, claiming that Atlantis eventually split into two linked islands, one called Daitya and the other Ruta, and that the latter was later reduced to a final remnant called Poseidonis.