At Stettin the university-educated artist, who had studied German, was chosen to serve as interpreter and clerk in the office of the Stalag commander.

* 1876 – Erich Raeder, German naval commander ( d. 1960 )

He ordered immediate reinforcement of the vital heights of Alam Halfa, just behind his own lines, expecting the German commander, Erwin Rommel, to attack with the heights as his objective, something that Rommel soon did.

The OKW believed it too risky to allow German Corps and Army Groups to be operated and commanded independently by one field commander.

Allied fighters, by gaining air superiority over the European battlefield, played a crucial role in the eventual defeat of the Axis, which Reichmarshal Hermann Göring, commander of the German Luftwaffe summed up when he said: " When I saw Mustangs over Berlin, I knew the jig was up.

During his life Cocteau was commander of the Legion of Honor, Member of the Mallarmé Academy, German Academy ( Berlin ), American Academy, Mark Twain ( U. S. A ) Academy, Honorary President of the Cannes film festival, Honorary President of the France-Hungary Association and President of the Jazz Academy and of the Academy of the Disc.

* 1883 – Alfred Saalwächter, German U-boat commander ( d. 1945 )

Karl Dönitz (; 16 September 1891 – 24 December 1980 ) was a German naval commander during World War II.

After the German invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, Voroshilov was made commander of the short-lived Northwestern Direction, controlling several fronts.

Working alongside military commander Andrei Zhdanov as German advances threatened to cut off Leningrad he displayed considerable personal bravery, prancing around in defiance of heavy shelling at Ivanovskoye ; at one point he rallied retreating troops and personally led a counter-attack against German tanks armed only with a pistol.

* 1913 – Reinhard Hardegen, German U-Boat commander

He participated mainly in German politics, both as a representative of his father and the commander of the Polish troops.

* 1887 – Erich von Manstein, German military commander ( d. 1973 )

Among these were the killing of CEO of MTU Aero Engines, a German engineering company, Ernst Zimmermann ; another bombing at the US Air Force's Rhein-Main Air Base ( near Frankfurt ), which targeted the base commander and killed two bystanders ; the car bomb attack that killed Siemens executive Karl-Heinz Beckurts and his driver ; and the shooting of Gerold von Braunmühl, a leading official at Germany's foreign ministry.

San Marino's hope to escape further involvement was shattered on 27 July 1944 when Major Gunther, commander of the German forces in Forlì, delivered a letter from German headquarters in Ferrara to San Marino's government declaring that the country's sovereignty could not be respected if, in view of military requirements, the necessity of transit of troops and vehicles arose.

* 1943 – World War II: The Allied invasion of Italy concludes when Heinrich von Vietinghoff, commander of the German Tenth Army, orders his troops to withdraw from Salerno.

Captain John H. Miller, the company commander of Charlie Company, 2nd Ranger Battalion, survives the initial landing and assembles a group of soldiers to penetrate the German defenses, leading to a breakout from the beach.

A skillful and remarkably successful guerrilla campaign waged by the German commander Paul Emil von Lettow-Vorbeck kept the war in Tanganyika going for the entire length of the First World War.

On January 31, 1943 the Sixth Army's commander, Field Marshal Friedrich Paulus surrendered, and on February 2, with the elimination of straggling German troops, the Battle of Stalingrad was over.

The John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough | Duke of Marlborough was the commander of the English, Dutch and German forces.

* August 6 – Peter Strasser, German naval officer and airship commander ( b. 1876 )

* July 3 – Lothar von Trotha, German military commander ( d. 1920 )

* June 3 – Walther Wever, German general and Luftwaffe commander ( b. 1887 )

Compositae were first described in 1792 by the German botanist Paul Dietrich Giseke.

* 1925 – Paul von Hindenburg defeats Wilhelm Marx in the second round of the German presidential election to become the first directly elected head of state of the Weimar Republic.

* 1881 – Paul Ludwig Ewald von Kleist, German field marshal ( d. 1954 )

* 1914 – World War I: Battle of Stallupönen – The German army of General Hermann von François defeats the Russian force commanded by Paul von Rennenkampf near modern-day Nesterov, Russia.

The book tells the story of Paul Bäumer, a soldier who — urged on by his school teacher — joins the German army shortly after the start of World War I. Bäumer arrives at the Western Front with his friends and schoolmates ( Tjaden, Müller, Kropp and a number of other characters ).

At 19 years of age, Paul enlists in the German Army and is deployed to the Western Front where he experiences the severe psychological and physical effects of the war.

* 1913 – Wolfgang Paul, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate ( d. 1993 )

By the following year their ranks had grown to include German painter, sculptor and designer Oskar Schlemmer who headed the theater workshop, and Swiss painter Paul Klee, joined in 1922 by Russian painter Wassily Kandinsky.

Pope Paul III then initiated several internal Church reforms while Emperor Charles V convened a meeting with Protestants in Regensburg, seat of the German diet, to reconcile differences.

Notable past visitors to the mountain peak include Pope Pius XII, Pope John Paul II, Alberto Santos-Dumont, German Sueiro Vasquez, Albert Einstein, and Diana, Princess of Wales.

* 1971 – Paul van Dyk, German DJ

* 1964 – Paul Landers, German guitarist ( Rammstein )

In the latter part of the war, Germany was practically a military dictatorship, with the Supreme High Command ( German: OHL, " Oberste Heeresleitung ") and General Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg as commander-in-chief advising the Kaiser.

In the 1930s and 1940s, the Nazis labeled Munch's work " degenerate art " ( along with Picasso, Paul Klee, Matisse, Gauguin and many other modern artists ) and removed his 82 works from German museums.

The discoveries of Paul Broca were made during the same period of time as the German Neurologist Carl Wernicke, who was also studying brains of aphasiacs post-mortem and identified the region now known as Wernicke's area.

The German Protestant theologian Martin Luther saw a parallel between Paul and Christ in their work of reconciliation, which is also in fact contained within the concept of Christian Grace.

German peasants greet the fire and brimstone from a papal bull of Pope Paul III in Martin Luther's 1545 Depictions of the Papacy

* Franks, Paul, All or Nothing: Systematicity, Transcendental Arguments, and Skepticism in German Idealism, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2005

After Andreas Brehme sent England 1 – 0 down, he scored an equaliser after receiving a pass from Paul Parker and escaping from two German defenders, but the West Germans triumphed in the penalty shoot-out and went on to win the trophy.

The novel also explores the motive of doppelgänger, the term which was coined by another German author ( and supporter of Hoffmann ) Jean Paul in his humorous novel Siebenkäs ( 1796-1797 ).

The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam in the Sri Lankan Civil War, the Afghan Mujahideen in the Soviet war in Afghanistan, George Grivas and Nikos Sampson's Greek guerrilla group EOKA in Cyprus, Aris Velouchiotis and Stefanos Sarafis and the EAM against the Axis occupation of Greece during World War II, Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck and the German Schutztruppe in World War I, Josip Broz Tito and the Yugoslav Partisans in World War II, and the antifrancoist guerrilla in Spain during the Franco dictatorship, the Kosovo Liberation Army in the Kosovo War, and the Irish Republican Army led by Michael Collins during the Irish War of Independence.

By 1932, power had shifted to such an extent that the German President, Paul von Hindenburg, was able to dismiss a chancellor and select his own person for the job, even though the outgoing chancellor possessed the confidence of the Reichstag while the new chancellor did not.

) Among those who critiqued him from the left were Marxist-humanist Raya Dunayevskaya, fellow German emigre Paul Mattick, both of whom subjected One-Dimensional Man to a Marxist critique, and Noam Chomsky, who knew and liked Marcuse " but thought very little of his work.

Acknowledging the controversy, Paul VI in a letter to the Congress of German Catholics ( Aug. 30, 1968 ), stated: " May the lively debate aroused by our encyclical lead to a better knowledge of God ’ s will.

* 1676 – Paul Gerhardt, German writer ( b. 1606 )