The killing of a school teacher by a Guatemalan Army soldier culminated the civil unrest that precipitated the coup d ’ état ; the moral outrage of the Guatemalan national populace was manifested with a general strike that halted the national economy and stilled the country.

Nonetheless, despite the change in Guatemalan military government, further civil unrest prompted two officers, Captain Jacobo Árbenz Guzmán and Major Francisco Javier Arana, to lead a final coup d ’ état and depose the dictatorship of the generals.

The coup was supported by CIA radio broadcasts and so the Guatemalan army refused to resist the coup, Arbenz was forced to resign.

Seven people were killed in the coup, although Ríos Montt survived to found a political party ( the Guatemalan Republic Front ) and to be elected President of Congress in 1995 and again in 2000.

The autogolpe ( palace coup ) failed due to unified, strong protests by most elements of Guatemalan society, international pressure, and the army's enforcement of the decisions of the Court of Constitutionality, which ruled against the attempted takeover.

** Guatemalan President Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán steps down in a CIA-sponsored military coup, triggering a bloody civil war that continues for more than 35 years.

* 1954 Guatemalan coup d ’ état

1954 Guatemalan coup d ’ état: the CIA memorandum ( May 1975 ) which describes the role of the Agency in deposing the Guatemalan government of President Jacobo Árbenz Guzmán in June 1954.

After the 1954 Guatemalan coup d ' état, CIA case officer Frank Wisner organised Operation PBHistory, meant to find and secure Árbenz government documents that might prove that the Soviet Union controlled Guatemala ; and, in so doing, PBHistory meant to provide usable intelligence regarding other Soviet connections and Communist personnel in Latin America.

The other evidence of Soviet – Guatemalan contact, found by the CIA after the 1954 Guatemalan coup d ' etat were two invoices, for a total of $ 22. 95, to the Guatemalan Party of Labour, from a book shop in Moscow.

Having experience in actions such as the 1954 Guatemalan coup d ' état, Dulles was confident that the CIA was capable of overthrowing the Cuban government as led by Prime Minister Fidel Castro since 16 February 1959.

Operation PBSUCCESS: US President Dwight D. Eisenhower and Secretary of State John Foster Dulles, the executor and the advocate of the 1954 Guatemalan coup d ' état that deposed President Jacobo Árbenz Guzmán.

The 1954 Guatemalan coup d ’ état ( 18 – 27 June 1954 ) was the CIA covert operation that deposed President Jacobo Árbenz Guzmán ( 1950 – 54 ), with Operation PBSUCCESS — paramilitary invasion by an anti-Communist “ army of liberation ”.

In response to the expropriation of prime-farmland assets, the United Fruit Company asked the US Governments of presidents Harry Truman ( 1945 – 53 ) and Dwight Eisenhower ( 1953 – 61 ) to act diplomatically, economically, and militarily against Guatemalan President Árbenz Guzmán, which, in 1954, resulted in the Guatemalan coup d ’ état that provoked the thirty-six-year Guatemalan Civil War, from 1960 to and 1996, in which were killed 140, 000 to 250, 000 Guatemalans.

The Guatemalan coup d ’ état began with Operation PBFORTUNE ( September 1952 ), the partly implemented plan to supply exiled, right-wing, anti – Árbenz rebel groups with operational funds and matériel, to form a counter-revolutionary army of liberation to depose the Árbenz Government.

In 1957, three years after the Guatemalan coup d ’ état, President Col. Castillo Armas was assassinated by a presidential bodyguard, and replaced by another military government.

Operation PBSUCCESS: the Cold War geopolitics of the US included the Guatemalan Labour Party to the International Communist Conspiracy in the Western Hemisphere ; hence the 1954 Guatemalan coup d ’ état by the CIA.

* 1899 – Miguel Ángel Asturias, Guatemalan writer, Nobel Prize laureate ( d. 1974 )

* 1913 – Jacobo Árbenz, Guatemalan military officer and politician, President of Guatemala ( d. 1971 )

Operation PBSUCCESS: The Guatemala City headquarters of the United Fruit Company, the multinational corporation that instigated the 1954 Guatemalan coup d ’ état.

The name of the 1954 Guatemalan coup d ’ état, Operation PBSUCCESS, is a cryptonym composed of a digraph ( two-character prefix ), which designates the functional, geographic area where the mission is effected.

Operation PBFORTUNE: President Harry Truman authorized the CIA to effect a Guatemalan coup d ’ état in 1951.

In 1944, General Jorge Ubico ’ s thirteen-year dictatorship ( 1931 – 44 ) of Guatemala was overthrown by the October Revolutionaries, a group of Guatemalan nationalists — politically dissident military officers, university students, and liberal professionals — who were politically empowered, by the almost-simultaneous revolutions that deposed superannuated dictatorships in Venezuela, Cuba, and El Salvador.

In September 2010 the Guatemalan Congress overwhelmingly gave its approval for a referendum to be held to give the people of Guatemala a say in whether or not that country ’ s claim to Belize should be taken to the International Court of Justice for final resolution.

Guatemalan author William Spindler's article, “ Magic realism: a typology ,” suggests that there are three kinds of magic realism, which however are by no means incompatible: European ‘ metaphysical ’ magic realism, with its sense of estrangement and the uncanny, exemplified by Kafka ’ s fiction ; ‘ ontological ’ magical realism, characterized by ‘ matter-of-factness ’ in relating ‘ inexplicable ’ events ; and ‘ anthropological ’ magical realism, where a Native worldview is set side by side with the Western rational worldview.

UFCO was the largest Guatemalan landowner and employer, and the Arbenz government ’ s land reform included the expropriation of 40 % of UFCO land.

The combination of President Árbenz Guzmán ’ s political toleration of the Guatemalan Party of Labour ( PGT ) and other leftist politicians, prompted the CIA to prepare the contingency plan Operation PBFORTUNE in 1951, for overthrowing his liberal government, when the CIA could definitively determine that he and his regime were a Communist threat to the Western Hemisphere.

After winning PAN ’ s presidential candidacy in late 2002, he was going to run as the party's presidential candidate in the 2003 Guatemalan General Election.

Arévalo, the revolution ’ s intellectual pillar, positioned his theoretical doctrine as integral to the construction of a progressive and peaceful Guatemalan society.

However, the ambiguity is associated with Arévalo ’ s dismissal of classical liberalism as an applicable guideline for Guatemalan governments.

Furthermore, the PBHISTORY intelligence analyses of the Árbenz Government documents contradicted the CIA ’ s pro-communist-infiltration assumptions ; the document analysis team reported that President Árbenz Guzmán had abided Guatemalan constitutional law by respecting the right of national Communists to form political parties and to participate in national politics, in the senate of the Republic of Guatemala ; and reported that Guatemalan Communists were nationalists, ideologically independent of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.

To that effect, CIA Director of Central Intelligence ( DCI ) Walter Bedell Smith despatched a secret agent to Guatemala City, to find and investigate potential candidates and organizations who would aid a US coup d ’ état against the liberal Árbenz Government — which included four Communists from the Guatemalan Labor Party.

In that context, the US National Security Council revived the Guatemalan coup d ’ état after reviewing the malleability of anti – Árbenz politics, and because of the successful, Anglo – American 1953 Iranian coup d ’ état effected by the CIA and the SIS against the elected Government ( 1951 – 53 ) of Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh.

1954 Guatemalan coup d ’ état: the memorandum that describes the CIA ’ s organisation of the paramilitary deposition of the Guatemalan government of President Jacobo Árbenz Guzmán, in June 1954.

Arbenz together with Arévalo further promoted the progressive social change that characterized the latter's presidency, clearing much of the old restrictions on political parties and labour unions, while also purging the army brass of its remaining pro-Arana officers — one of whom was Colonel Carlos Castillo Armas ; a man who would play a major role in Guatemalan politics in the coming years.

Guatemalan traditions are much more closely based on the instrument, and on ancient Mayan music, than other Central American countries.

Moreover, the dictators also exempted some US corporations from paying taxes to the Guatemalan national treasury ; sold the public utilities to private business enterprises ; and ceded much prime farmland to foreign corporations, for their sole, private, economic exploitation.

In his politico-economic favouritism, President Ubico ceded physical control of much of Guatemala ’ s prime agricultural land, and de facto control of Puerto Barrios, the Caribbean Sea port that grants Guatemala access to the Atlantic Ocean, in exchange for building the ( road, rail, and telegraph ) infrastructure ; resultantly, in labour-and-management relations, the Guatemalan government often was politically subservient to foreign business interests, especially those of the United Fruit Company.

As a participant in the October Revolution of 1944, army Captain Árbenz facilitated the transition from military dictatorship and military government to representative democracy, when he, and a comrade officer, Major Arana, forsook the Presidency of Guatemala for constitutional government ; such personal and professional integrity earned them, and the Guatemalan Army, much popular respect as patriots.

The disinformation and propaganda planted in the US news media, about the Guatemalan – Czech arms purchase, and the arrival of the weapons to Guatemala, provoked much popular support for US military intervention.

As directed by CIA case officers, from Florida, right-wing student groups successfully conducted internal propaganda, such as publishing El combate ( The Combat ), a weekly political pamphlet, covering walls and buses with the number 32 — referring to Article 32 of the Guatemalan Constitution, which forbade foreign-financed political parties ; the propaganda claims received much attention from the local and the national press.

Proto-Mixe – Zoquean was spoken on the gulf coast and on the Isthmus of Tehuantepec and on the Guatemalan Pacific coast around 2000 BCE, in a much larger area than its current extension.

With much regret and sadness we inform you that from August 31, 2006, Tikal Jets Airlines, will be canceling all its air operations, as the Guatemalan airline.