At the same time, there was a process of " Romanization " of the Germanic and Hunnic tribes settled on both sides of the limes ( the fortified frontier of the Empire along the Rhine and Danube rivers ).

Initially being near the Caspian Sea in 91 AD, the Huns migrated to the southeastern area of the Caucasus by about 150 AD and into Europe by 370 AD, where they established a vast Hunnic Empire there.

Jordanes, a Goth writing in Italy in 551, a century after the collapse of the Hunnic Empire, describes the Huns as a " savage race, which dwelt at first in the swamps, a stunted, foul and puny tribe, scarcely human, and having no language save one which bore but slight resemblance to human speech.

* Hunnic Empire

Khazars are mentioned after the fall of the Hunnic Attila Empire in 454.

In the 3rd c. BCE the arising Hunnic Empire covered the whole of Kazakhstan among its territories, starting the Kazakhstan historical period.

Soon after its creation, the Hunnic Empire absorbed 26 independent possessions, uniting various steppe and forest peoples into a single state.

After the demise of the Eastern Hunnic Empire, the Tele people of Kazakhstan, known in Chinese annals as Tiele, formed tribal unions that became a coveted attraction for the Hunnic successors, but they generally retained independence of their unions.

In the 6th c. CE the people of Kazakhstan were again absorbed into the new political state, the Turkic Kaganate, that controlled approximately the same area as the Eastern Hunnic Empire.

It has been noted that Atilla the Hun of the Hunnic Empire was a pagan according to Roman records, however it is also thought that monotheistic Tengriism was practiced by the Mongolian Empire before the advent of Buddhism which explicitly rejected a creator god.

The Hunnic Empire is divided between his sons.

* 469: Death of Dengizich, last Khan of the Hunnic Empire.

The Hunnic Empire ( 453 )

* Attila the Hun, ruler of the Hunnic Empire

* Attila the Hun, ruler of the Hunnic Empire ( approximate date )

* The Roman province of Pannonia Prima is finally assimilated into the Hunnic Empire.

< imagemap > File: 1st millennium montage. png | From left, clockwise: Depiction of Jesus, the central figure in Christianity ; The Colosseum, a landmark of the once mighty Roman Empire ; Gunpowder is invented during the latter part of the millennium, in China ; Chess, a new board game, takes on popularity across the globe ; The Roman Empire falls, and then reappears ushering in the Early Middle Ages ; The skeletal remains of a young woman, known as the " ring lady ", killed by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79 ; Attila the Hun, leader of the Hunnic Empire, which takes most of western Europe.

Now about 39, Attila takes the throne for himself and becomes king of the Hunnic Empire.

Examination of Thuringian gravesites reveal cranial features which suggest the strong presence of Hunnic women or slaves, perhaps indicating that many Thuringians took Hunnic wives or Hunnic slaves following the collapse of the Hunnic Empire.

If the Bastarnae remained an identifiable group, it is highly likely that they participated in the vast Gothic-led migration, driven by Hunnic pressure, that was admitted into Moesia by emperor Valens in 376 and eventually defeated and killed Valens at Adrianople in 378.

The subject of the Hunnic language is met with much controversy.

So far, there is no general consensus on the exact origin or classification of Hunnic.

However, the evidence is scant ( a few names and three non-Turkic words ), thus scholars currently conclude that the Hunnic language cannot presently be classified, and attempts to classify it as Turkic and Mongolic are speculative.

Memory of the Hunnic conquest was transmitted orally among Germanic peoples and is an important component in the Old Norse Völsunga saga and Hervarar saga and in the Middle High German Nibelungenlied.

* 455 – Emperor Valentinian III is assassinated by two Hunnic retainers while training with the bow on the Campus Martius ( Rome ).

* March 16 – Emperor Valentinian III, age 35, is assassinated by two Hunnic retainers of the late Flavius Aetius, ending the Theodosian Dynasty.

In Greek and Latin sources, Vitalian is sometimes labelled with the same ambiguous term " Scytha "; he is presented as commanding " Hunnic ", " Gothic ", " Scythian ", " Bessian " soldiers, but this information says more about the general's military endeavours, and bears little relevance to elucidating his origins.

On the other hand, Thompson believes that the presence of Burgundians on the Hunnic side is credible, noting that a group is documented as remaining east of the Rhine ; likewise, he believes that the other peoples Sidonius alone mentions — the Rugians, Scirans and Thuringians — were likely participants in this battle.

Assuming that the Hunnic forces were roughly the same size as the Romano-Gothic, the number involved in battle is just under 100, 000 combatants in total.

An old theory of 19th century writers ( Latham, V. St. Martin, Rambaud, Newman ) which, according to the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, is based on ' less convincing proof ', suggested an identification of the Agathyrsi with the later Agatziri or Akatziroi first mentioned by Priscus in Vol XI, 823, Byzantine History, who described them leading a nomadic life on the Lower Volga, and reported them as having been Hunnic subjects before the time of Attila.

Since the comparative material attributable to the extinct members of Oghuric ( Hunnic, Turkic Avar, Khazar and Bulgar ) is scant, little is known about any precise interrelation of these languages and it is a matter of dispute whether Chuvash, the only " Lir "- type language with sufficient extant linguistic material, might be the daughter language of any of these or just a sister branch.

Tengri ( Proto-Turkic * teŋri / * taŋrɨ ; Mongolian script:, Tngri ; Modern Mongolian: Тэнгэр, Tenger ; Old Turkic: ; Modern Turkish: Tanrı ), is one of the names for the primary chief deity in the religion of the early Turkic ( Xiongnu, Hunnic, Bulgar ) and Mongolic ( Xianbei ) peoples.

The literary records for this language are sparse, consisting of a few names and three non-Turkic words, thus scholars currently conclude that the Hunnic language cannot presently be classified, and there is no firm scholarly consensus on its affinities.

The name of one of Attila's sons, Dengizich, supposedly appears as Khan Diggiz on one such vessel, thereby suggesting that the language is Hunnic.

The name Hunor is preserved in legends and ( with a few Hunnic names, such as Attila ) is used as a given name in modern Hungary and in Turkey as Atilla and Onur respectively.

It was only after Attila's sudden death in 453, and after the divided and competing Hunnic forces fell upon each other at the Battle of Nedao in the following year, that the Huns vanished as a threat to Europe.

There are many similarities between Hunnic and Bulgar cultures, such as the practice of artificial cranial deformation.

The death of Attila in Pannonia in 453, and the power struggle that erupted between his sons ended the Hunnic threat to the empire.

After Aëtius ' murder Aegidius assumed the role his mentor had held, maintaining order between the foederati and Romans in Gaul, but " while Aëtius had sought to preserve the equilibrium within the Gallic community with the help of Hunnic warriors from outside, Aegidius drew his support largely from the Salian Franks under Clovis ' father Childeric.

After his death, Attila and Bleda, sons of his brother Mundzuk ( Mundiuch ), became joint rulers of the united Hunnic tribes.

After the death of Attila the Hun, allied forces of the subject peoples under the leadership of Ardaric, king of the Gepids, defeated the Hunnic forces of Ellac, the son of Attila, who had struggled with his half-brothers Irnik and Dengizich for supremacy after Attila's death, and eventually killed him in single combat.

* 454, East Germanic Gepids defeat the Huns in the Battle of Nedao, Hunnic King Ellac dies in battle, Assassination of Roman General Aëtius, Gepids establish a kingdom in Pannonia.