The cards were then processed using standard IBM punch card equipment, including an IBM 650 computer.

A tiny assembler program was hand-coded for a new computer ( for example the IBM 650 ) which converted a few instructions into binary or decimal code: A1.

While studying physics at the Case Institute of Technology, Knuth was introduced to the IBM 650, one of the early mainframes.

which was implemented for the IBM 650, using a translator program developed

Punched cards were used for input and output on the IBM 650.

* IBM 650 ( vacuum tube logic, decimal architecture, business and scientific )

KISS is an early low-level programming language on the IBM 650 business computer.

For IBM, the earliest Gibson Mix calculations shown are the 1954 IBM 650 at 0. 06 kIPS and 1956 IBM 705 at 0. 5 kIPS.

* SOAP ( Symbolic Optimal Assembly Program ) ( 1957 ) an assembly language for the IBM 650 computer

* IBM eServer pSeries 650 ( 7038-6M2 ) 2-8 POWER4 CPUs

Early computers ( such as the IBM 650, DEC PDP-5 through PDP-8, early models of the PDP-11, and early microcomputers such as the Altair 8800 ) have a row of dials or toggle switches on the front panel that allow the operator to manually enter the boot instructions into memory before transferring control to the CPU.

The 407 or its wheel line printer mechanism was attached to a variety of early IBM computer, including the IBM 650, most members of the IBM 700 / 7000 series and the IBM 1130, the last introduced in 1965.

An IBM 650 at Texas A & M University.

IBM 650 front panel, showing bi-quinary indicators

IBM 650 at Texas A & M, opened up to show rear of front panel, vacuum modules and storage drum

The first IBM 650 in Norway ( 1959 ), known as " EMMA ".

A classroom in 1960 at the Bronx High School of Science with IBM 650 instruction chart above blackboard, upper right

Primary user input was decimal, via standard IBM 80 column punched cards and output was decimal, via a front panel display.

During the early 1960s, while also active in ASCII standardization, IBM simultaneously introduced in its product line of System / 360 the 8-bit Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code ( EBCDIC ), an expansion of their 6-bit binary-coded decimal ( BCDIC ) representation used in earlier card punches.

For example, the IBM 701 ( 1952 ) used binary and could address 2048 36-bit words, while the IBM 702 ( 1953 ) used decimal and could address 7-bit words.

Notable exceptions include IBM mainframes, which support IBM's own format ( in addition to the IEEE 754 binary and decimal formats ), and Cray vector machines, where the T90 series had an IEEE version, but the SV1 still uses Cray floating-point format.

* IBM 1620 ( decimal architecture, engineering, scientific, and education )

The nibble is used to describe the amount of memory used to store a digit of a number stored in packed decimal format within an IBM mainframe.

The IBM 7070, IBM 7072, and IBM 7074 computers used this code to represent each of the ten decimal digits in a machine word, although they numbered the bit positions 0-1-2-3-4, rather than with weights.

Being variable word length decimal, as opposed to fixed-word-length pure binary, made it an especially attractive first computer to learn on — and hundreds of thousands of students had their first experiences with a computer on the IBM 1620.

The IBM 1401 was a variable wordlength decimal computer that was announced by IBM on October 5, 1959.

IBM called the 1401's character code BCD, even though that term describes only the decimal digit encoding.

The IBM 709 added overlapped input / output, indirect addressing, and three " convert " instructions ( which provided support for decimal arithmetic, leading zero suppression, and several other operations ).

The IBM 7070, IBM 7072, and IBM 7074 were decimal, fixed word length machines.

IBM has a machine that can understand spoken words and talk back.

The first ( retroactively ) RISC-labeled processor ( IBM 801-IBMs Watson Research Center, mid-1970s ) was a tightly pipelined simple machine originally intended to be used as an internal microcode kernel, or engine, in CISC designs, but also became the processor that introduced the RISC idea to a somewhat larger public.

An IBM-made 386 machine eventually reached the market seven months later, but by that time Compaq was the 386 supplier of choice and IBM had lost its image of technical leadership.

At MIT, Olsen and Anderson noticed something odd: students would line up for hours to get a turn to use the stripped-down TX-0, while largely ignoring a faster IBM machine that was also available.

Examples were IBM System / 38, the early offering of Teradata, and the Britton Lee, Inc. database machine.

In 1961 IBM introduced the model 1311 disk drive, which was about the size of a washing machine and stored two million characters on a removable disk " pack.

And a final disappointment was that Cornerstone was available only for IBM PCs and not any of the other platforms that Infocom supported for their games ; while Cornerstone had been programmed with its own virtual machine for maximum portability, that feature had become essentially irrelevant.

A desk size machine with a different instruction set, the IBM 1130, was released concurrently with the System / 360 to address the niche occupied by the 1620.

Later models followed in the trend: for example, the PC / XT, IBM Portable Personal Computer, and PC AT are IBM machine types 5160, 5155, and 5170, respectively.

* 1954 – Georgetown-IBM experiment: the first public demonstration of a machine translation system, is held in New York at the head office of IBM.

Some hardware vendors, especially IBM, use the term as a synonym for firmware, so that all code in a device, whether microcode or machine code, is termed microcode ( such as in a hard drive for instance, which typically contains both ).

Many of the notable early successes occurred in the field of machine translation, due especially to work at IBM Research, where successively more complicated statistical models were developed.

Programmers of early 1950s computers, notably UNIVAC I and IBM 701, used machine language programs, that is, the first generation language ( 1GL ).

The IBM System / 360 ( announced in 1964 but not delivered until 1966 ) was designed as a common machine architecture for both groups of users, superseding all existing IBM architectures.

In 1968 BCL was ported by Walsh to the IBM 360 / 67 timesharing machine at Washington State University.

Apart from its reliability issues, the target business market was becoming wedded to the IBM PC platform, whilst the majority of ZX Spectrum owners were uninterested in upgrading to a machine which had a minimal library of games.

Many models offered the option of emulation of the customer's previous computer ( e. g. the IBM 1400 series on a 360-30 or the IBM 7094 on a 360-65 ) using a combination of special hardware, special microcode and an emulation program that used the emulation instructions to simulate the target system, so that old programs could run on the new machine.

He said that " IBM had developed a paper plan for such a machine and took this paper plan across the country to some 20 concerns that we thought could use such a machine.