Whereas for certain other language families, such as the speakers of Indo-European, Uralic, and Austronesian, we are able to frame substantial hypotheses, in the case of the proposed Altaic family everything remains to be done.

All of these methods remain to be applied to the languages attributed to Altaic with the same degree of focus and intensity they have been applied to the Indo-European family ( e. g. Mallory 1989, Anthony 2007 ).

This would make it a language family about as old as Indo-European ( 4000 to 7, 000 BC according to several hypotheses cited in Mallory 1997: 106 ) but considerably younger than Afroasiatic ( c. 10, 000 BC according to Diakonoff 1988: 33n, 11, 000 to 16, 000 BC according to Ehret 2002: 35 – 36 ).

Anatolia has been proposed to be the origin of the Indo-European language family.

* Vasconic substratum hypothesis: This proposal, by the German linguist Theo Vennemann, claims that there is enough toponymical evidence to conclude that Basque is the only survivor of a larger family that once extended throughout most of Europe, and has also left its mark in modern Indo-European languages spoken in Europe.

Bulgarian ( български език, ) is an Indo-European language, a member of the Southern branch of the Slavic language family.

The Baltic languages are a subbranch of the Balto-Slavic branch of the Indo-European language family.

Linguists have had a hard time establishing the precise relationship of the Baltic languages to other languages in the Indo-European family.

These two factors combined with others have obscured the history of the Baltic languages, leading to a number of theories regarding their position in the Indo-European family.

There is a minority of scholars who argue that Baltic forms a separate branch of Indo-European, or that it is not a genetic node in either Indo-European family or Balto-Slavic, but that Eastern and Western Baltic are separate branches of Balto-Slavic.

There are two major derivations of this segment, both presupposing that it belongs to the family of Indo-European languages: from ' cow ' and from ' warrior.

The Balts or Baltic peoples are an Indo-European ethnic-linguistic group who speak the Baltic languages, a branch of the Indo-European language family, which was originally spoken by tribes living in area east of Jutland peninsula in the west and Moscow, Oka and Volga rivers basins in the east.

The Celtic or Keltic languages ( usually pronounced but sometimes ) are descended from Proto-Celtic, or " Common Celtic "; a branch of the greater Indo-European language family.

Caldwell used ' Dravidian ' as a generic name for the family of languages spoken in Southern India to distinguish them from Indo-Aryan, the branch of Indo-European spoken in the Indian subcontinent.

Some modern scholars assert that the Tyrsenian languages are distantly related to the Indo-European family.

In 2006, Frederik Woudhuizen suggested that Etruscan belongs to the Anatolian branch of the Indo-European family, specifically to Luwian.

Most of the languages of Europe belong to the Indo-European language family.

Greek ( ellīnika or ) ellīnikī glōssa is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages.

Greek is an independent branch of the Indo-European language family.

As a Germanic language, Gothic is a part of the Indo-European language family.

Their Hittite language was a member of the Anatolian branch of the Indo-European language family.

Hittite is the best attested member of the Anatolian branch of the Indo-European language family.

The population of most of the Hittite Empire by this time spoke Luwian dialects, another Indo-European language of the Anatolian family that had originated to the west of the Hittite region.

Altogether, Starostin concluded that the Altaic grouping was substantiated, though " older than most other language families in Eurasia, such as Indo-European or Finno-Ugric, and this is the reason why the modern Altaic languages preserve few common elements ".

However Juhanen ( 1992 ) is skeptical about an affiliation of Japanese to Altaic languages, while Róna-Tas ( 1998: 77 ) remarked that a relationship between Altaic and Japanese, if it ever existed, must be more remote than the relationship of any two of the Indo-European languages.

Ancient Anatolia is subdivided by modern scholars into various regions named after the various Indo-European ( and largely Hittite, Luwian or Greek speaking ) peoples that occupied them, such as Lydia, Lycia, Caria, Mysia, Bithynia, Phrygia, Galatia, Lycaonia, Pisidia, Paphlagonia, Cilicia, and Cappadocia.

The concept of an immortality drink is attested in at least two Indo-European areas: Greek and Sanskrit.

According to The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Asgard is derived from Old Norse āss, god + garðr, enclosure ; from Indo-European roots ansu-spirit, demon ( see cognate ahura ) + gher-grasp, enclose ( see cognates garden and yard ).< ref >; See also ansu-and gher -< sup > 1 </ sup > in " Appendix I: Indo-European Roots " in the same work .</ ref >

It is an example of the widespread motif of Greek ( or Indo-European more generally ) names expressing " battle-prowess ", in this case the ability to withstand or push back an enemy battle line.

Vowels and their corresponding semivowels alternate in many languages depending on the phonological environment, or for grammatical reasons, as is the case with Indo-European ablaut.

The accusative case existed in Proto-Indo-European and is present in some Indo-European languages ( including Latin, Sanskrit, Greek, German, Polish, Swedish, Romanian, Russian, Ukrainian ), in the Uralic languages, in Altaic languages, and in Semitic languages ( such as Classical Arabic ).

Though geographically surrounded by Indo-European Romance languages, Basque is classified as a language isolate.

Little is known of its origins but it is likely that an early form of the Basque language was present in Western Europe before the arrival of the Indo-European languages to the area.

It is also believed that Baltic languages are among the most archaic of the remaining Indo-European languages, despite their late attestation.

It is possible that the miscegenation mentioned by Tacitus had, by the 3rd century, resulted in the Bastarnae becoming assimilated by the Sarmatians, perhaps adopting their tongue ( which belonged to the Iranic group of Indo-European languages ) and / or Sarmatian customs.

Thackston argues that the name cannot be taken from babr and instead must be derived from a word that has evolved out of the Indo-European word for beaver, pointing to the fact that the name is pronounced bāh-bor in both Persian and Turkic, similar to the Russian word for beaver ( бобр – bobr ).

As in most Indo-European languages, the English copula is the most irregular verb because of constant use.

Another Indo-European example is star ( English ), str-( Sanskrit ), tara ( Hindi-Urdu ), étoile ( French ), ἀστήρ ( astēr ) ( Greek or ἀστέρι / ἄστρο, asteri / astro in Modern Greek ), stella ( Italian ), aster ( Latin ) stea ( Romanian and Venetian ), stairno ( Gothic ), astl ( Armenian ), Stern ( German ), ster ( Dutch and Afrikaans ), starn ( Scots ), stjerne ( Norwegian and Danish ), stjarna ( Icelandic ), stjärna ( Swedish ), stjørna ( Faroese ), setāre ( Persian ), stoorei ( Pashto ), seren ( Welsh ), steren ( Cornish ), estel ( Catalan ), estrella Spanish, estrella Asturian and Leonese, estrela ( Portuguese and Galician ) and estêre or stêrk ( Kurdish ), from the PIE, " star ".

In the Indo-European languages, some clitics can be traced back to Proto-Indo-European: for example, * is the original form of Sanskrit च (- ca ), Greek τε (- te ), and Latin-que.

All of these attest the existence of Indo-European divine twins associated with or represented by horses.

India has more than two thousand ethnic groups, and every major religion is represented, as are four major families of languages ( Indo-European, Dravidian, Austro-Asiatic and Tibeto-Burman languages ) as well as two language isolates ( the Nihali language spoken in parts of Maharashtra and the Burushaski language spoken in parts of Jammu and Kashmir ).

" This interpretation explains how Nysa could have been re-interpreted from a meaning of " tree " to the name of a mountain: the axis mundi of Indo-European mythology is represented both as a world-tree and as a world-mountain.

Scholars have theorized that the Vanir may be connected to small pieces of gold foil, gullgubber, found in Scandinavia at some building sites from the Migration Period to the Viking Age and occasionally in graves, have asked whether the Vanir originally represented pre-Indo-European deities or Indo-European fertility gods, and have theorized a form of the gods as venerated by the pagan Anglo-Saxons.

It supposes a former * Dianus, formed on * dia-< * dy-eð ( 2 ) from Indo-European root * dey-shine represented in Latin by dies day, Diovis and Iuppiter.

It is more likely that Indo-European languages were adopted by local populations because they represented a new way of life, bringing with them horses and cattle and the status they represented.

India has more than two thousand ethnic groups, and every major religion is represented, as are four major families of languages ( Indo-European, Dravidian, Austro-Asiatic and Sino-Tibetan languages ) as well as two language isolates ( the Nihali language spoken in parts of Maharashtra and the Burushaski language spoken in parts of Jammu and Kashmir ).

" That the old Indo-European optative is represented by the subjunctive is clear in Gothic, which lost the old, " true " Indo-European subjunctive that represented a fixed desire and intent.

His Hittitisch und die anderen indoeuropäischen Sprachen, ' Hittite and the Other Indo-European Languages ', represented a significant step forward in Hittite studies, and is often relied on in Friedrich's Hethitisches Elementarbuch ( 2d ed.

Starting from the views of Gaetano Chierici that the pile dwellings further north represented a Roman ancestral population, Pigorini developed a theory of Indo-European settlement of Italy from the north.

( English spelling has the unique disadvantage among Indo-European systems of having letter patterns that represent more than one sound and sounds that can be represented by more than one letter pattern – the so-called " spelling double whammy ".