Islamic civilization is credited with further advancing the accuracy of clocks with elaborate engineering.

Following its origin in Mecca and Medina, the Islamic world expanded to include people of the Islamic civilization, inclusive of non-Muslims living in that civilization.

The Islamic civilization gave rise to many centers of culture and science and produced notable scientists, astronomers, mathematicians, doctors, nurses and philosophers during the Golden Age of Islam.

* The memory in Muslim societies of the many centuries of " cultural and institutional success " of Islamic civilization that have created an " intense resistance to an alternative ' civilizational order '", such as Western civilization,

By welcoming educated and worldly Jews from both Christian Europe and the Islamic Middle East, Khazars rapidly absorbed many of the arts and technologies of civilization.

The Sultan sought to turn Constantinople into the center of Islamic civilization by a series of projects, including bridges, mosques, palaces and various charitable and social establishments.

Slavery was known in almost every ancient civilization, and society, including Sumer, Ancient Egypt, Ancient China, the Akkadian Empire, Assyria, Ancient India, Ancient Greece, the Roman Empire, the Islamic Caliphate, the Hebrews in Palestine, and the pre-Columbian civilizations of the Americas.

In Song Dynasty China and the classical Islamic world, this century marked the high point for both classical Chinese civilization, science and technology, and classical Islamic science, philosophy, technology and literature.

* The scientific achievements of the Islamic civilization reach their zenith.

After Baghdad emerged as the seat of the caliph in 750 and the main centre of Islamic civilization, Bahrain greatly benefited from the city's increased demand for foreign goods especially from China and South Asia.

He argues there is no " Islamic civilization " nor a " Western civilization ", and that the evidence for a civilization clash is not convincing, especially when considering relationships such as that between the United States and Saudi Arabia.

After his death in 632, much of the expansion of the empire came through conquest, such as that of North Africa and later Spain ( Al-Andalus ), and the Islamic conquest of Persia putting an end to the Sassanid Empire and spreading the reach of Islam to as far East as Khorasan, which would later become the cradle of Islamic civilization during the Islamic Golden Age and a stepping-stone towards the introduction of Islam to the Turkic tribes living in and bordering the area.

" The Cappella Palatina, at Palermo, the most wonderful of Roger's churches, with Norman architecture | Norman doors, Islamic architecture | Saracenic arches, Byzantine architecture | Byzantine dome, and roof adorned with Arabic alphabet | Arabic scripts, is perhaps the most striking product of the brilliant and mixed civilization over which the grandson of the Norman Trancred ruled " ( from EB1911 | 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica ).

As used in Islamic urban planning, the word () means " inviolate zone ", an important aspect of urban planning in Muslim civilization.

From early days of Islamic civilization, and because of both internal factors including intra-Muslim conflicts and external factors including interfaith debates, several questions were being debated by Muslim theologians, such as whether the Qur ' an was created or eternal, whether evil was created by God, the issue of predestination versus free will, whether God's attributes in the Qur ' an were to be interpreted allegorically or literally, etc.

The Vijayanagara Empire rose to prominence as a culmination of attempts by the southern powers to ward off Islamic invasions by the end of the 13th century.

Tabbaa explains the development and spread of muqarnas domes throughout the Islamic world beginning in the early 11th century as the visual expression of a theological idea of the universe propounded by the Ash ' arites ( a modification of the Atomism of Aristotle with Occasionalism ), which rose to prominence in Baghdad at this time.

Starting in the 7th century the Islamic Caliphates rose and gradually began to conquer larger and larger areas of the Christian world.

He rose up to create a regime that would reinstate a " true " Islamic polity as opposed to what he considered the unjust rule of the Umayyads.

In the West African Sahel region, many Islamic empires rose, such as the Ghana Empire, the Mali Empire, the Songhai Empire, and the Kanem Empire.

Mosque loudspeakers used for the call to prayer called for jihad against the Ba ' ath, and hundreds of Islamic insurgents rose to attack the homes of government officials and Baath Party leaders, overrun police posts and ransack armories.

Asharite kalam rose to become the dominant form of Islamic kalam, and helped distinguish kalam from falasafa — from philosophy ( a distinction which is less clear when considering Mutazilite thought ).

He rose to prominence with his studies of Islamic decoration at the Alhambra, and the associated publication of his drawings, which pioneered new standards in chromolithography.

Ahead of the Islamic and Chinese civilizations, Europe steadily rose since the Early Modern period to a complete domination of world trade and politics that remained unchallenged until the early 20th century.

From 1500 to 1750 this is represented by the challenge of Western Europe to the world in a period of exploitation and colonization and the changing balance of the ecumene in the Islamic world, the Far East, and Africa: before 1750, Western superiority is similar in scope to the primacy previously enjoyed by other regions.

He wrote a book called Al-Tibb min al-Kitab wa-al-Sunna ( Medicine from the Book and the Life of the Prophet ) describing the Islamic medical practices from the time of Muhammad.

From then on Galen and the Greek medical tradition in general became assimilated into the medieval and early modern Islamic Middle East.

From the 11th century onwards, Latin translations of Islamic medical texts began to appear in the West, alongside the Salerno school of thought, and were soon incorporated into the curriculum at the universities of Naples and Montpellier.

After 750 CE, the Muslim world had the works of Hippocrates, Galen and Sushruta translated into Arabic, and Islamic physicians engaged in some significant medical research.

Notable Islamic medical pioneers include the polymath, Avicenna, who, along with Imhotep and Hippocrates, has also been called the " father of medicine ".

* 1025 – Avicenna of Persia publishes his influential treatise, The Canon of Medicine, which remains the most influential medical text in both Islamic and Christian lands for over six centuries, and The Book of Healing, a scientific encyclopedia.

Though the prohibition of illegal drugs was established under Islamic law, particularly against the use of hashish as a recreational drug, classical jurists of medieval Islamic jurisprudence accepted the use of hashish for medicinal and therapeutic purposes, and agreed that its " medical use, even if it leads to mental derangement, remains exempt " from punishment.

In the 14th century, the Islamic scholar Az-Zarkashi spoke of " the permissibility of its use for medical purposes if it is established that it is beneficial.

Islamic medical authors too advised bloodletting, particularly for fevers.

These intellectual traditions continue in Catholic, Islamic and Jewish medical ethics.

Much of the medical information included in Anathomia is derived from commentaries on Hippocrates, Aristotle, and Galen written by Islamic scholars.

The list of witnesses they requested included Saeed Mortazavi, the general prosecutor of Tehran Mohsen Armin, reformist member of the previous parliament Hossein Ansari-Rad, Jamileh Kadivar, and Mohsen Mirdamadi, Minister of Intelligence Ali Younesi, the Vice President of Legal Affairs Mohammad Ali Abtahi, Minister of Culture and Islamic Guidance Ahmad Masjedjamei, the five judges who were present during Kazemi's interrogation, a few employees of the Evin prison, the president of the Baghiyyatollah hospital, and all of the medical staff who had signed her file.

The Latin translation De Materia Medica ( Concerning medical substances ) was used a basis for many medieval texts, and was built upon by many middle eastern scientists during the Islamic Golden Age.

According to Sir John Bagot Glubb, Syed Faride and S. M. Imamuddin, the first medical schools to issue academic degrees and diplomas were the teaching Bimaristan ( Hospitals ) of the medieval Islamic world.

From Hippocrates onward, the humoral theory was adopted by Greek, Roman and Islamic physicians, and became the most commonly held view of the human body among European physicians until the advent of modern medical research in the nineteenth century.

This is in contrast to the account of Ibn Fadlan, whose views on hygiene ( based on Islamic teachings on cleanliness and Islamic medical knowledge ) contrasted with that of the Rus '.

Medieval European medicine became more developed during the Renaissance of the 12th century, when many medical texts both on ancient Greek medicine and on Islamic medicine were translated from Arabic during the 12th century.

The University of Bihać was opened in 1997 and it has seven faculties: technical, economics, law school, biotechnical, pedagogical, medical college, Islamic pedagogical academy.

* Constantius Africanus, ( c. 1020 – 1085 ), eleventh-century translator of Greek and Islamic medical texts

Responding to circumstances of time and place, Islamic physicians and scholars developed a large and complex medical literature exploring and synthesizing the theory and practice of medicine.

Islamic scholars translated their voluminous writings from Greek into Arabic and then produced new medical knowledge based on those texts.

In order to make the Greek tradition more accessible, understandable, and teachable, Islamic scholars ordered and made more systematic the vast and sometimes inconsistent Greco-Roman medical knowledge by writing encyclopaedias and summaries.