In response to revolt in the Italian colony of Libya, Fascist Italy abandoned previous liberal-era colonial policy of cooperation with local leaders.

* 1153-The First Treaty of Constance is signed between Emperor Frederick I and Pope Eugene III, by the terms of which, the emperor is to prevent any action by Manuel I Comnenus to reestablish the Byzantine Empire on Italian soil and to assist the pope against his enemies in revolt in Rome.

* During the summer the people of Rome revolt against the authority of the Pope and create a republican city-state comparable to that of the other Italian cities.

The consequences of this revolt are threefold: the city becomes de facto independent from the Almohads, but its reliance on the Italian maritime powers increases and the trans-Saharan trade routes begin to shift eastward due to the local turmoil.

The revolt was taken over by young neofascists of the Italian Social Movement ( Movimento Sociale Italiano – MSI ) backed by the ' Ndrangheta, a Mafia-type criminal organisation based in Calabria.

* The Italian cities of Fondi and Privernum, led by Vitruvius Vaccus, launch a failed revolt against Rome.

Then however Maniakes fell out with his Lombard allies, while his Norman mercenaries, unhappy with their pay, abandoned the Byzantine general and raised a revolt on the Italian mainland, resulting in the temporary loss of Bari.

* In the Italian science fiction novel of 2000, 2010: La rivolta by Francesco Grasso, a mutant also called Masaniello leads a revolt against a tyrannic international police organization controlling Naples.

He was then accused of aiding in an Italian revolt at Fregellae, but little evidence indicted him in the matter.

Drusus immediately took advantage of Gaius ' absence by attacking Gaius ' ally, Fulvius Flaccus, who was a known agitator to the Senate and was suspected by some for stirring up the Italian allies to revolt.

His fall left the finances of the state disorganized, the pensions fund depleted, diplomatic relations with France strained in consequence of the massacre of Italian workmen at Aigues-Mortes, and a state of revolt in the Lunigiana and by the Fasci Siciliani in Sicily, which he had proved impotent to suppress.

In response, Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset, was sent with an army composed partly of German and Italian mercenaries to suppress the revolt.

In 1831 it joined the revolt against Gregory XVI and was annexed to the Italian Kingdom in 1860.

The attack was portrayed as a simple revolt by the Italian press, but it nearly annihilated much of the small Italian expeditionary corps.

Because of the Tyrolese revolt, the viceroy sent General of Division Achille Fontanelli's Italian division to Trento on the upper Adige with General of Division Louis Baraguey d ' Hilliers in overall command.

As silly as it may sound in retrospect, at the time the governor publicly theorized that the monks of St. Leo Abbey near Tampa ( many of whom were either German-Americans or German immigrants ) were planning to arm Florida's African American community for a popular revolt in favor of Kaiser Wilhelm II, after which Pope Benedict XV ( a well documented pacifist, who was Italian, not German ) would take over Florida and move the Holy See to nearby San Antonio and close all of the Protestant churches.

The revolt was only put down by Italian troops under Don John of Austria, and even then the Moriscos retreated to the highlands and were not defeated until 1570.

It served as the model for the Norwegian Constitution of 1814, the Portuguese Constitution of 1822 and the Mexican one of 1824, and was implemented with minor modifications in various Italian states by the Carbonari during their revolt of 1820 and 1821.

About 940 Berengar led a revolt of Italian nobles against the rule of his uncle.

On 6 October 1943 Italian citizens attacked German soldiers ( revolt of the martyrs of October 1943 ).

The Fascist regime first created a Ministry of Corporations that organized the Italian economy into 22 sectoral corporations, banned workers ' strikes and lock-outs, and in 1927 created the Charter of Labour, which established workers ' rights and duties and created labour tribunals to arbitrate employer-employee disputes.

The league was born as a result of the escape of several of the best clubs of the old championship organized by the Italian federation, such as Milano Rhinos, Parma Panthers, Bologna Doves and Bolzano Giants.

However some of the historic Italian clubs have not joined the new league and continue to participate in different tournaments organized by other federations.

The Neopolitan Camorra, the Calabrian and Italian Canadian ' Ndrangheta, and the Apulian Sacra Corona Unita are similar Italian organized crime groups.

The year 2010 is the 500th year since the Lilius ' birth ; several activities have been organized ( by Italian astronomers ) in order to recognize the great work performed by him.

While in Rome he started to restructure the Italian prosecution system, creating district offices to fight the Mafia and a national office to fight organized crime.

The FBI estimates the size of the four Italian organized crime groups to be approximately 25, 000 members and 250, 000 affiliates worldwide.

The Napolitan Camorra, the Calabrian ' Ndrangheta and the Apulian Sacra Corona Unita are similar Italian organized gangs.

In 2003, Anka came back with an exclusive concert in Bologna, organized by Italian company Mapei during the CERSAIE exhibition.

Opening October 31, 1962, Willem de Kooning's New York art dealer, the Sidney Janis Gallery, organized the groundbreaking International Exhibition of the New Realists, a survey of new to the scene American Pop, French, Swiss, Italian New Realism, and British Pop art.

They took on organized crime-like powers, and may be more powerful than the Italian crime families within the prison system.

As the war progressed, German and Italian prisoners of war ( the latter organized into Italian Service Units ) were quartered at Camp Cooke.

River Forest has been home to many notorious Italian organized crime families since the early-20th century including Tony Accardo ( boss from about 1945 to 1992 ) and Joseph Andriacchi.

The first Columbus Day celebration was organized by Italian Americans in San Francisco in 1869.

Angela Bambace, an 18-year-old Italian American woman, organized the International Ladies Garment Workers Union in New York to secure better working conditions and shorter hours for women workers in the garment industry.

Luciano's vision was to form a national crime syndicate in which the Italian, Jewish, and Irish gangs could pool their resources and turn organized crime into a lucrative business for all.

The county was organized October 1, 1812 and named for Saint Charles Borromeo, an Italian cardinal.

In 2008 Rai Radio 3 ( Italian National Radio channel 3 ), inside its evening program Radio3Suite, broadcast a 10-episode program dedicated to Kleiber's legacy: Il Sorriso Della Musica: Un Ritratto Di Carlos Kleiber (" The Smile Of Music: A Portrait Of Carlos Kleiber "), organized and hosted by Andrea Ottonello, with participation by Claudio Abbado, Mirella Freni, Maurizio Pollini, and above all Carlos Kleiber's sister, Veronica.

In 1964, Gianni Ravera, who organized the 14th Sanremo Music Festival, slightly changed the rules of the contest, requiring each song to be performed once by an Italian artist, and once by an international singer, which was allowed to perform the song in any language.

On 8 October, after the occupation of Persia by the Allies and after the new Persian government of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi severed diplomatic relations with the Axis powers, al-Husseini was taken under Italian protection and conveyed through Turkey to Axis Europe in an operation organized by Italian Military Intelligence ( Servizio Informazioni Militari, or SIM ).

The rebels, led by generals Bento Gonçalves da Silva and Antônio de Sousa Neto with the support of the Italian fighter Giuseppe Garibaldi, surrendered to imperial forces in 1845.

One brigade under General Albertone was made up of Eritrean askari led by Italian officers.

This eventually discredited the Italian monarchy and led to its abolition in 1946.

The Italian film industry took shape between 1903 and 1908, led by three major organizations-Cines, based in Rome ; and the Turin-based companies ' Ambrosio ' and ' Itala Film '.

The accommodation of the political right into the Italian Fascist movement in the early 1920s led to the creation of internal factions.

The Fascists managed to seize control of several post offices and trains in northern Italy while the Italian government, led by a left-wing coalition, was internally divided and unable to respond to the Fascist advances.

Mussolini was rescued from arrest by German forces and led the German client state, the Italian Social Republic from 1943 to 1945.

The repression of memory led to historical revisionism in Italy and in 2003 the Italian media published Silvio Berlusconi's statement that the Benito Mussolini only " used to send people on vacation ", denying the existence of Italian concentration camps, such as Rab concentration camp.

The title of the well-known Italian novel Il Gattopardo was rendered in English as " The Leopard ", in which the translator was led astray by a false friend ; Italian gattopardo, while being the cognate of " leopard ", in fact refers to other felines ( the American ocelot, the African serval and an extinct type of Italian wildcat ).

Heavy fire from the Italian Brescia Motorised Division at El Mreir, however, north of the Qattara box, checked their progress and led XIII Corps to call off its attack.

By the first days of January, Emperor Menelik, accompanied by his Queen Taytu Betul, had led large forces into Tigray, and besieged the Italians for 15 days ( 6 – 21 January 1896 ), trying in vain to storm the fort on several occasions, until the Italians surrendered with permission from the Italian Headquarters.

A tendency for inspired, song-like melodies is evident throughout his scores, which led to the nickname " The Italian Mozart ".

The Spanish manuscript also contains a preface by one assuming the pseudonym ' Fra Marino ', claiming to have stolen a copy of the Italian version from the library of Pope Sixtus V. Fra Marino reports that, having a post in the Inquisition Court, he had come into possession of several works, which led him to believe that the Biblical text had been corrupted, and that genuine apostolic texts had been improperly excluded.

After being appointed as mine manager at the age of 23, he led a major program of expansion for the Sons of Gwalia gold mine at Gwalia, Western Australia, and brought in many Italian immigrants to cut costs and counter the union militancy of the Australian miners.

Baldwin studied the work of the Italian inventor Enrico Forlanini and began testing models based on his designs, which led them to the development of hydrofoil watercraft.

Mussolini, in October 1940, used his Albanian base to launch an attack on Greece, which led to the defeat of the Italian forces and the Greek occupation of Southern Albania in what was seen by the Greeks as the liberation of Northern Epirus.

This unusual final table of the Serie A ( with the most successful Italian teams of the time, Juventus and AS Roma, ending up much lower than expected ) has led to many speculations.

The mix of over confidence, condescension and pride might have skewed his perception of the Italian economic predicament in 2011, which ultimately led to his ousting.

The main event in the First Republic in the sixties was the inclusion of the Socialist party in the government, after the reducing edge of the Christian Democracy ( DC ) had forced them to accept this alliance ; attempts to incorporate the Italian Social Movement ( MSI ) in the Tambroni government led to riots, and were short-lived.

Between 17 May 2006 and 21 February 2007 Romano Prodi served as Prime Minister of Italy following the narrow victory of his l ' Unione coalition over the Casa delle Libertà led by Silvio Berlusconi in the April 2006 Italian elections.

Eventually, Bembo's ideas prevailed, and the foundation of the Accademia della Crusca in Florence ( 1582 – 1583 ), the official legislative body of the Italian language led to publication of Agnolo Monosini's Latin tome Floris italicae linguae libri novem in 1604 followed by the first Italian dictionary in 1612.