Some notable pre-colonial states and societies in Africa include the Nok culture, Mali Empire, Ashanti Empire, Kingdom of Mapungubwe, Kingdom of Sine, Kingdom of Saloum, Kingdom of Baol, Kingdom of Zimbabwe, Kingdom of Kongo, Ancient Carthage, Numidia, Mauretania, the Aksumite Empire, the Ajuuraan State and the Adal Sultanate.

The Kingdom of Mapungubwe was the first state in Southern Africa, with its capital at Mapungubwe.

From about 1250 until 1450, Mapungubwe was eclipsed by the Kingdom of Zimbabwe.

Most scholars however, generally agree that Great Zimbabwe was built by the Shona people as part of the 13th century kingdom of Zimbabwe, and successor to the earlier Kingdom of Mapungubwe, also known for its stone ruins.

In what is now modern Zimbabwe various kingdoms evolved from the Kingdom of Mapungubwe in modern South Africa.

The concept of the Middle Kingdom at peace, strong and united under a forceful ruler, which had been only a longed-for ideal in the time of the Warring States, was finally realized by the establishment of a Chinese Empire under the Ch'in dynasty ( 221-207 B.C. ).

The Kingdom of Pontus was independent from the 3rd century BC, until the middle of the 1st century BC.

It has recently been suggested that the regional decline at the end of the Akkadian period ( and First Intermediary Period of the Ancient Egyptian Old Kingdom ) was associated with rapidly increasing aridity, and failing rainfall in the region of the Ancient Near East, caused by a global centennial-scale drought.

The Mormaerdom or Kingdom of Moray was ruled by the family of Macbeth ( Mac Bethad mac Findláich ) and Lulach ( Lulach mac Gille Coemgáin ); not overmighty subjects, but a family who had ruled Alba within little more than a lifetime.

During Alexius II's reign, the Byzantine Empire was invaded by King Bela III losing Syrmia and Bosnia to the Kingdom of Hungary in AD 1181, later even Dalmatia was lost to the Venetians.

Here Alexios III eventually surrendered, with Euphrosyne, to Marquis Boniface of Montferrat, who was establishing himself as ruler of the Kingdom of Thessalonica.

Thus the possibility of re-incorporating Portugal ( up to then Southern Galicia ) into a Kingdom of Portugal and Galicia as before was eliminated and Afonso became sole ruler ( Duke of Portugal ) after demands for independence from the county's church and nobles.

Finally, in 1143, the Treaty of Zamora established peace between the cousins and the recognition by the Kingdom of León that Portugal was a sovereign kingdom.

The Kingdom of Peru was the entire South American Sub-continent.

Dependent on the Kingdom of Peru was the Captainship General of Chile

His inability to resist the demands of his nobles was to leave a heritage of disunity in Aragon and further dissent amongst the nobility, who increasingly saw little reason to respect the throne, and brought the Kingdom of Aragon close to anarchy.

Alfonso requested support from Braccio da Montone, who was besieging Joan's troops in L ' Aquila, but had to set sail for Spain, where a war had broken out between his brothers and the Kingdom of Castile.

Some scholars believe that Amos's message was recorded after he delivered it to the Northern Kingdom, upon returning to his southern homeland of Tekoa, a town eight kilometres south of Bethlehem.

The deposed Emperor attempted to escape in a boat with his wife Agnes and his mistress, but was captured ( note that by some, Andronikos not only survived, but also managed to escape to the then self-proclaimed Kingdom of Cyprus ).

Historically, the size of farms and landed estates in the United Kingdom was usually expressed in acres ( or acres, roods, and perches ), even if the number of acres was so large that it might conveniently have been expressed in square miles.

Kolbe was born in Elliehausen, near Göttingen, Kingdom of Hanover ( Germany ) as the eldest son of a Protestant pastor.

Among his many philanthropic efforts, the establishment of public libraries throughout the United States, the United Kingdom, and other English-speaking countries was especially prominent.

Weil returned to France via Sweden and the United Kingdom, and was detained at Le Havre in January 1940.

" This was farsighted, because when the House of Hanover ascended the British throne they would retain the territories that became the Kingdom of Hanover ( situated in modern-day Germany's Lower Saxony ).

The Act of Settlement was, in many ways, the major cause of the union of Scotland with England and Wales to form the Kingdom of Great Britain.

In the United Kingdom, His Majesty's Declaration of Abdication Act was, with the consent of the Australian, Canadian, New Zealand, and South African governments, passed through parliament and the Crown thus passed to the next-in-line descendant of Sophia: Edward's brother, Prince Albert, Duke of York.

At its peak, the Electron was the third best selling micro in the United Kingdom, and total lifetime game sales for the Electron exceeded those of the BBC Micro.

This view claims that Luke was uninterested in the politics of the Roman Empire but rather his main focus is on the power of God and building up the Kingdom of God.

* 1993 – Virgin Radio broadcasts for the first time in the United Kingdom.

* 1907 – The first Boy Scout encampment concludes at Brownsea Island in southern England, United Kingdom.

* 1870 – Tower Subway, the world's first underground tube railway, opens in London, England, United Kingdom.

* 1910 – The Parliament of the United Kingdom passes the People's Budget, the first budget in British history with the expressed intent of redistributing wealth among the British public.

* Afonso I of Kongo ( 1456 – 1543 ) the first Christian king of the Kingdom of Kongo

After the death of his first wife Anne of Hungary, he married Yolanda ( renamed Irene ) of Montferrat, putting an end to the Montferrat claim to the Kingdom of Thessalonica.

The first of the Australian gold rushes, in the 1850s, began a large wave of immigration, with approximately two per cent of the population of the United Kingdom emigrating to the colonies of New South Wales and Victoria.

It is the first time the United Kingdom has recorded a temperature over.

* 1961 – Sierra Leone is granted its independence from the United Kingdom, with Milton Margai as the first Prime Minister.

In 1867 he was the first Ottoman sultan to visit Western Europe ; his trip included a visit to the United Kingdom, where he was made a Knight of the Garter by Queen Victoria and shown a Royal Navy Fleet Review with Ismail of Egypt.

Wenham was also a member of the first professional organization dedicated to aeronautics, the Royal Aeronautical Society of the United Kingdom.

With the coronation of Frederick I in 1701 as king ( in Königsberg ), Berlin became the new capital of the Kingdom of Prussia ( instead of Königsberg ); this was a successful attempt to centralize the capital in the very outspread Prussian Kingdom, and it was the first time the city began to grow.

The first official home video releases of Beavis and Butt-Head were two VHS tapes titled There Goes the Neighborhood and Work Sucks !, distributed by Sony Music Video and MTV Home Video in 1996 in the United States, United Kingdom and Australia.

When the team first emerged in the nineteenth century it represented one nation-state, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

Linnaeus's table of the Plant Kingdom (" Regnum Vegetabile ") from the first edition of Systema Naturae ( 1735 ).

On Christmas Day 1100, Baldwin I, first king of the Frankish Kingdom of Jerusalem, was crowned in Bethlehem, and that year a Latin episcopate was also established in the town.

Chaim Weizmann first used a pure microbiological culture in an industrial process, that of manufacturing corn starch using Clostridium acetobutylicum, to produce acetone, which the United Kingdom desperately needed to manufacture explosives during World War I.

The Balfour Declaration of 1926, a report resulting from the 1926 Imperial Conference of British Empire leaders in London, was named after the British statesman Arthur Balfour, first Earl of Balfour, Lord President of the Council and a previous Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.

In 1992 the Blue Angels deployed for a month-long European tour, their first in 19 years, conducting shows in Sweden, Finland, Russia ( the first foreign flight demonstration team to perform there ), Romania, Bulgaria, Italy, the United Kingdom and Spain.

While in Rome for Otto's imperial coronation, Bruno met Saint Adalbert of Prague, the first Apostle of the Prussians, killed a year later, which inspired Bruno to write a biography of St Adalbert when he reached the recently Christianized and consolidated Kingdom of Hungary himself.

The first modern parties in the country developed in the middle of the 19th century, and their agenda and appeal changed, reflecting major social changes, such as the breakup of Austria-Hungary, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, dictatorship and social upheavals in the kingdom, World War II, the establishment of Communist rule and the breakup of the SFR Yugoslavia.

Progressive conservatism first arose as a distinct ideology in the United Kingdom under Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli's " One Nation " Toryism.

The first census was conducted in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes in 1921.