The zero was probably introduced to the Chinese in the Tang Dynasty ( 618-907 AD ) when travel in the Indian Ocean and the Middle East would have provided direct contact with India, allowing them to acquire the concept of zero and the decimal point from Indian merchants and mathematicians.

An alternative approach to the comparison of Buddhist thought with Western philosophy is to use the concept of the Middle Way in Buddhism as a critical tool for the assessment of Western philosophies.

In the Middle Ages in Europe, there was generally a lack of any concept of literary property due to the general relations of production, the specific organization of literary production and the role of culture in society.

The concept of representative democracy arose largely from ideas and institutions that developed during the European Middle Ages, the Age of Enlightenment, and the American and French Revolutions.

The demiurge is a concept from the Platonic, Neopythagorean, Middle Platonic, and Neoplatonic schools of philosophy for an artisan-like figure responsible for the fashioning and maintenance of the physical universe.

An early example of the Golden Rule that reflects the Ancient Egyptian concept of Maat appears in the story of The Eloquent Peasant, which dates to the Middle Kingdom ( c. 2040 – 1650 BCE ): " Now this is the command: Do to the doer to cause that he do thus to you.

Traditionally, the Battle of Bosworth Field is considered to mark the end of the Middle Ages in England, although Henry did not introduce any new concept of monarchy, and for most of his reign his hold on power was tenuous.

The concept of resurrection is found in the writings of some ancient non-Abrahamic religions in the Middle East.

In Hungarian folklore, the concept of werewolf goes back to the Middle Ages.

In the Middle Ages the term was used to describe two pitches sounding in combination, and in the Renaissance the concept was expanded to denote three pitches sounding together.

The Middle English creole hypothesis is the concept that the English language is a creole, i. e., a language that developed from a pidgin.

During the period of the Roman Empire and the Middle Ages, philosophers elaborated on the existing conception of anger, many of whom did not make major contributions to the concept.

Wolfram observed that the significance of gens as a biological community was shifting even during the early Middle Ages ; " to complicate matters, we have no way of devising a terminology that is not derived from the concept of nationhood created during the French Revolution ".

This concept had a Biblical precedent in the traditionalist, platonic interpretation of the relationship between David and Jonathan, and also existed in the Middle Ages, as exemplified in the story of Roland and Olivier.

Recently, a number of specialists in Italian history have challenged this by arguing that Mussolini possessed a belief in the spazio vitale ( vital space ) as a guiding foreign policy concept in which the entire Mediterranean, the Balkans, the Middle East and the Horn of Africa were regarded as rightfully belonging to Italy.

But it was not until the later Middle Ages and the Age of Enlightenment that the modern concept of a machine tool — a class of machines used as tools in the making of metal parts, and incorporating machine-guided toolpath — began to evolve.

Since that idea of putting a rudder on the stern can be traced back to the models found in Egyptian tombs, the need to have the concept brought into the Middle East is questionable at best.

The pilgrims saw the purchasing of a relic as a means, in a small way, to bring the shrine back with him or her on returning home, since during the Middle Ages the concept of physical proximity to the " holy " ( tombs of saints or their personal objects ) was considered extremely important.

With the end of the Middle Ages and the professional standing armies of Early Modern warfare, the concept of a " warrior class " or " military caste " became an anachronism.

The concept and its significance vary widely among different cultures, primarily the Middle East.

Translatio imperii, Latin for " transfer of rule ", is a concept invented in the Middle Ages for describing history as a linear succession of transfers of imperium, that is of supreme power concentrated with a series of single rulers ( emperors ).

Jacques Le Goff describes the " translatio imperii " concept as typical for the Middle Ages for several reasons: the idea of linearity of time and history was typical for the Middle Ages ; the " translatio imperii " idea typically also neglected simultaneous developments in other parts of the world ( of no importance to medieval Europeans ); the " translatio imperii " idea didn't separate divine history from the history of worldly power: medieval Europeans considered divine ( supernatural ) and material things as part of the same continuum, which was their reality.

The concept is known from Roman law, as the status of homo sacer, and persisted throughout the Middle Ages.

The present concept of constitutional monarchy developed in the United Kingdom, where it was the democratically elected parliaments, and their leader, the prime minister, who had become those who exercised power, with the monarchs voluntarily ceding it and contenting themselves with the titular position.

" Some commentators have questioned whether Thatcherism was consistent with the traditional concept of conservatism in the United Kingdom, and saw her views as more consistent with radical classical liberalism.

While the concept of heaven ( malkuth hashamaim מלכות השמים, the Kingdom of Heaven ) is well-defined within the Christian and Islamic religions, the Jewish concept of the afterlife, sometimes known as olam haba, the World-to-come, is not so precise.

Although the concept has existed for centuries, the term meritocracy was first coined by British politician and sociologist, Michael Young in his 1958 satirical essay, " The Rise of the Meritocracy ", which pictured the United Kingdom under the rule of a government favoring intelligence and aptitude ( merit ) above all.

There are a number of operating reactors of this design, mostly in the United Kingdom, where the concept was developed.

* Potentially Exempt Transfer, a concept in the inheritance tax code of the United Kingdom

Although a number of people laid claim to the concept of the postage stamp, it is well documented that stamps were first introduced in the United Kingdom on 1 May 1840, as a part of postal reforms promoted by Sir Rowland Hill.

* 1885: Galileo Ferraris of Livorno Piemonte, Kingdom of Italy reaches the concept of a rotating magnetic field.

* Kingdom of God, a foundational concept in the three Abrahamic religions

The concept soon spread to the United Kingdom, where it was encouraged by the Temperance Society as a morally acceptable alternative to the pub, and over 1, 000 milk bars had opened nationally by the end of 1936.

The concept of morganatic marriage has never clearly existed in any part of the United Kingdom.

In the United Kingdom in the 1970s, a high performance derivation of the moped concept were developed, aimed at 16 year olds.

In 1947, when the United Kingdom adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights ( UDHR ), LGBT activists clung to its concept of equal, inalienable rights for all people, regardless of their race, gender, or sexual orientation.

Recently, in the 9th International Conference " Developments in Economic Theory and Policy " held in Bilbao, by the Department of Applied Economics V of the University of the Basque Country ( Spain ) and the Cambridge Centre for Economic and Public Policy, Department of Land Economy of the University of Cambridge ( United Kingdom ), the concept of Stockholm Syndrome was introduced in economics referring to governments that have been " kidnapped " by financial capital because of their need to refinance public debt.

The original architectural model of the concept can be viewed on the Tomorrowland Transit Authority PeopleMover in the Magic Kingdom.

The United Kingdom has begun the concept of managed coastal realignment.

Thus, as the concept of ministerial responsibility has evolved, the power to withhold the Royal Assent has fallen into disuse, both in the United Kingdom and in the Commonwealth realms.

In the Westminster system ( and especially in the United Kingdom ), a similar concept is covered by the term private bill ( which upon passage become private acts ).

The concept of limited liability created by these laws inspired the legal establishment of the limited liability company form in other countries, although the concept of a limited liability company already existed in the United Kingdom.

In May 2010 the General Chiropractic Council, the statutory regulatory body for chiropractors in the United Kingdom, issued guidance for chiropractors stating that the chiropractic vertebral subluxation complex " is an historical concept " and " is not supported by any clinical research evidence that would allow claims to be made that it is the cause of disease or health concerns.

The origins of the modern concept of prime ministerial government go back to the Kingdom of Great Britain ( 1707 – 1800 ) and The Parliamentary System in Sweden 1721-1772, that coincided with each other.