Although there was a larger Papal State, it was created in its present form by the 1929 Lateran treaties between Italy and the Roman Catholic Church.

It is therefore quite distinct from the Vatican City state, which came into existence only in 1929, through the Lateran treaties between the Holy See and Italy.

Originally the Italian government of Benito Mussolini, under the Lateran treaties of 1929 with the Holy See, paid a monthly salary to Catholic clergymen.

The Vatican finances were on the verge of bankruptcy prior to being bolstered by $ 92. 1 million ( 750 million lire cash and another 1 billion lire in Italian government bonds ) the Vatican received as a consequence of the Lateran treaties in 1929.

The revision of the Lateran treaties during the 1980s by the Socialist Prime Minister of Italy Bettino Craxi, removed the status of " official religion " of the Catholic Church, but still granted a series of provisions in favour of the Church, such as the eight per thousand law, the teaching of religion in schools, and other privileges.

Territory of Vatican City according to the Lateran treaties.

Originally the Italian government of Benito Mussolini, under the Lateran treaties of 1929 with the Holy See, paid a monthly salary to Catholic clergymen.

Andrew, in contrast with the decisions of the Fourth Council of the Lateran, often employed Jews and Muslims in the royal household.

On March 16, 1517, the Fifth Council of the Lateran closed its activities with a number of reform proposals ( on the selection of bishops, taxation, censorship and preaching ) but not on the major problems that confronted the Church in Germany and other parts of Europe.

The Roman Catholic Church recognizes as ecumenical various councils held later than the First Council of Ephesus ( after which churches out of communion with the Holy See because of the Nestorian Schism did not participate ), later than the Council of Chalcedon ( after which there was no participation by churches that rejected Dyophysitism ), later than the Second Council of Nicaea ( after which there was no participation by the Eastern Orthodox Church ), and later than the Fifth Council of the Lateran ( after which groups that adhered to Protestantism did not participate ).

In 1929, the Fascist regime gained the political support and blessing of the Roman Catholic Church after the regime signed a concordat with the Church, known as the Lateran Treaty, which gave the papacy state sovereignty and financial compensation for the seizure of Church lands by the liberal state in the nineteenth century.

* Medieval Sourcebook: First Lateran Council: Canons with annotations

The Fourth Council of the Lateran was convoked by Pope Innocent III with the papal bull of April 19, 1213, and the Council gathered at Rome's Lateran Palace beginning November 11, 1215.

It was the 12th ecumenical council and is sometimes called the " Great Council " or " General Council of Lateran " due to the presence of seventy-one patriarchs and metropolitan bishops, four hundred and twelve bishops, and nine hundred abbots and priors together with representatives of several monarchs.

His cousin, Ernesto Pacelli, was a key financial advisor to Pope Leo XIII ; his father, Filippo Pacelli, a Franciscan tertiary, was the dean of the Sacra Rota Romana ; and his brother, Francesco Pacelli, became a lay canon lawyer and the legal advisor to Pius XI, in which role he negotiated the Lateran Treaty in 1929, the pact with Benito Mussolini, bringing an end to the Roman Question.

The sede stercoraria, the throne with a hole in the seat, now at St. John Lateran ( the formal residence of the popes and center of Catholicism ), is to be considered.

Adrian had in his youth married a woman named Stephania, by whom he had a daughter, and both were still living at his election, following which they lived with him in the Lateran Palace.

One of his first official acts was to summon the Lateran Council of 649 to deal with the Monothelites, whom the Church considered heretical.

These orders were found impossible to carry out for a considerable space of time, but at last Martin was arrested in the Lateran on 17 June 653 along with Maximus the Confessor.

Constantine presented the pope with the Lateran Palace which became the papal residence and seat of Christian governance.

Guy, with relatives both in Burgundy and the Franche-Comté ( that is, within the Emperor's jurisdiction and bordering it ) led the pro-Papal opposition at the synod called at the Lateran in 1112.

The obelisk, still recognizably a solar symbol, had been moved from Karnak to Alexandria with what is now the Lateran obelisk by Constantius II ).

The Fascist regime restores good relations between the Roman Catholic Church and Italy with the Lateran Treaty, which creates Vatican City.

* In accordance with the decision of the First Council of the Lateran, the archbishop of Compostela, Diego Gelmirez, declares the Crusade in Iberia against the Andalusians.

The Roman Catholic Church responded with a Counter-Reformation put in to motion by the Council of Trent — the most important ecumenical council since Nicaea II 800 years earlier ( at the time, there had not been an ecumenical council since Lateran IV over 300 years prior, a length only to be matched by the interval between Trent and Vatican I )— and spearheaded by the Society of Jesus.

On 9 December 1513, the fifth Lateran council, which had been reopened by Leo in April, ratified the peace with Louis XII and officially registered the conclusion of the Pisan schism.

The Investiture controversy from previous centuries had been brought to a tendentious peace with the Concordat of Worms and affirmed in the First Council of the Lateran.

Together with the minor basilica of St Lawrence outside the Walls, they were associated with the five ancient patriarchal sees of Christendom ( see Pentarchy ): St John Lateran was associated with Rome, St Peter's with Constantinople ( present-day Istanbul ), St Paul's with Alexandria ( in Egypt ), St Mary Major with Antioch ( the Levant ) and St Lawrence with Jerusalem.

* 1929 – Fascist Italy and the Vatican sign the Lateran Treaty.

In 1929, the Lateran Treaty between Italy and the Holy See established the Vatican City State, guaranteeing papal independence from secular rule.

Martin was very energetic in publishing the decrees of the Lateran Council of 649 in an encyclical, and Constans replied by enjoining his exarch ( governor ) in Italy to arrest the pope should he persist in this line of conduct and send Martin as a prisoner to Constantinople.

Julius also convened a general council ( that afterwards was known as the Fifth Council of the Lateran ) to be held at Rome in 1512, which, according to an oath taken on his election, he had bound himself to summon, but which had been delayed, he affirmed, because of the occupation of Italy by his enemies.

Thus the secular power of the Bishop of Rome, i. e., the Pope, was reduced to one square mile, the smallest sovereign nation on earth ( as a result of the 1929 Lateran Treaty which established a Concordat between Vatican City and the nation of Italy ).

In Europe, the Holy See and the Kingdom of Italy signed the Lateran Treaty.

* February 11 – Italy and the Vatican sign the Lateran Treaty.

Even while the Lateran Synod was sitting, Olympius arrived as the new exarch of Ravenna, with instructions to ensure that the type was followed in Italy, and to use whatever means necessary to ensure that the Pope adhered to it.

In the 1920s, the papacy – then under Pius XI — renounced the bulk of the Papal States and the Lateran Treaty ( or Concordat ) with Italy was signed on February 11, 1929, creating the State of the Vatican City, forming the sovereign territory of the Holy See, which was also indemnified to some degree for loss of territory.

The Lateran Treaty was one of the Lateran Pacts of 1929 or Lateran Accords, agreements made in 1929 between the Kingdom of Italy and the Holy See, signed on February 11, 1929 and ratified by the Italian parliament on June 7, 1929, ending the " Roman Question ".

The Lateran Pacts were in 1947 incorporated into the democratic Constitution of Italy.

Negotiations for the settlement of the Roman Question began in 1926 between the government of Italy and the Holy See, and culminated in the agreements of the Lateran Pacts, signed — the Treaty says — for King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy by Benito Mussolini, Prime Minister and Head of Government, and for Pope Pius XI by Pietro Gasparri, Cardinal Secretary of State, on February 11, 1929.

The sum thereby given to the Holy See was actually less than Italy declared it would pay under the terms of the Law of Guarantees of 1871, by which the Italian government guaranteed to Pope Pius IX and his successors the use of, but not sovereignty over, the Vatican and Lateran Palaces and a yearly income of 3, 250, 000 lire as indemnity for the loss of sovereignty and territory.

Under his pontificate, the longstanding hostility with the Italian government over the status of the papacy and the Church in Italy was successfully resolved in the Lateran Treaty of 1929.

The flag of Vatican City was adopted on June 7, 1929, the year Pope Pius XI signed the Lateran Treaty with Italy, creating a new independent state governed by the Holy See.

On February 11, 1929, Pope Pius XI signed the Lateran Treaty with Italy, recognizing the current flag as the legal flag of a foreign state, thus protecting it under Article 299 of the Italian Criminal Code.

By the Lateran Treaties, Mussolini granted Pope Pius XI the crown of Vatican City as a nation to rule, made Roman Catholicism the state church of Italy, and paid the Pope compensation for the loss of the Papal States.

" Previously, as part of the agreement surrounding the 1929 Lateran Treaty with the fascist's in Italy, the Vatican had consented to the dissolution of the Catholic political Parito Popolare party.