The Catholic Encyclopedia ( 1909 ) called this confusion a " distortion of the true facts " and suggested that it arose because the " Liber Pontificalis ", which at this point may be registering a reliable tradition, says that this Felix built a church on the Via Aurelia, which is where the Roman martyr of an earlier date was buried.

He also drew on Josephus's Antiquities, and the works of Cassiodorus, and there was a copy of the Liber Pontificalis in Bede's monastery.

The Liber Pontificalis ( Latin for Book of the Popes ) is a book of biographies of popes from Saint Peter until the 15th century.

The original publication of the Liber Pontificalis stopped with Pope Adrian II ( 867 – 872 ) or Pope Stephen V ( 885 – 891 ), but it was later supplemented in a different style until Pope Eugene IV ( 1431 – 1447 ) and then Pope Pius II ( 1458 – 1464 ).

Although quoted virtually uncritically from the 8th to 18th century, the Liber Pontificalis has undergone intense modern scholarly scrutiny as an " unofficial instrument of pontifical propaganda.

" Some scholars have even characterized the Liber Pontificalis, like the works of Pseudo-Isidore and the Donation of Constantine, as a tool used by the medieval papacy to represent itself " as a primitive institution of the church, clothed with absolute and perpetual authority.

The title Liber Pontificalis goes back to the 12th century, although it only became current in the 15th century, and the canonical title of the work since the edition of Duchesne in the 19th century.

Rabanus Maurus ( left ) was the first to attribute the Liber Pontificalis to Jerome | Saint Jerome.

Martin of Opava continued the Liber Pontificalis into the 13th century.

Eusebius of Caesarea may have continued the Liber Pontificalis into the 4th century.

The modern interpretation, following that of Louis Duchesne, who compiled the major scholarly edition, is that the Liber Pontificalis was gradually and unsystematically compiled, and that the authorship is impossible to determine, with a few exceptions ( e. g. the biography of Pope Stephen II ( 752 – 757 ) to papal " Primicerius " Christopher ; the biographies of Pope Nicholas I and Pope Adrian II ( 867 – 872 ) to Anastasius ).

Duchesne and others have viewed the beginning of the Liber Pontificalis up until the biographies of Pope Felix III ( 483 – 492 ) as the work of a single author, who was a contemporary of Pope Anastasius II ( 496-498 ), relying on Catalogus Liberianus, which in turn draws from the papal catalogue of Hippolytus of Rome, and the Leonine Catalogue, which is no longer extant.

Most scholars believe the Liber Pontificalis was first compiled in the 5th or 6th century.

Because of the use of the vestiarium, the records of the papal treasury, some have hypothesized that the author of the early Liber Pontificalis was a clerk of the papal treasury.

Edward Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire ( 1788 ) summarised the scholarly consensus as being that the Liber Pontificalis was composed by " apostolic librarians and notaries of the viii < sup > th </ sup > and ix < sup > th </ sup > centuries " with only the most recent portion being composed by Anastasius.

Duchesne and others believe that the author of the first addition to the Liber Pontificalis was a contemporary of Pope Silverius ( 536 – 537 ), and that the author of another ( not necessarily the second ) addition was a contemporary of Pope Conon ( 686 – 687 ), with later popes being added individually and during their reigns or shortly after their deaths.

The Liber Pontificalis originally only contained the names of the bishops of Rome and the durations of their pontificates.

Pope Adrian II ( 867 – 872 ) is the last pope for which there are extant manuscripts of the original Liber Pontificalis: the biographies of Pope John VIII, Pope Marinus I, and Pope Adrian III are missing and the biography of Pope Stephen V ( 885 – 891 ) is incomplete.

It was only in the 12th century that the Liber Pontificalis was systematically continued, although papal biographies exist in the interim period in other sources.

Duchesne refers to the 12th century work by Petrus Guillermi in 1142 at the monastery of St. Gilles ( Diocese of Reims ) as the Liber Pontificalis of Petrus Guillermi ( son of William ).

Guillermi's version is mostly copied from other works with small additions or excisions from the papal biographies of Pandulf, nephew of Hugo of Alatri, which in turn was copied almost verbatim from the original Liber Pontificalis ( with the notable exception of the biography of Pope Leo IX ), then from other sources until Pope Honorius II ( 1124 – 1130 ), and with contemporary information from Pope Paschal II ( 1099 – 1118 to Pope Urban II ( 1088 – 1099 ).

Independently, the cardinal-nephew of Pope Adrian IV, Cardinal Boso intended to extend the Liber Pontificalis from where it left off with Stephen V, although his work was only published posthumously as the Gesta Romanorum Pontificum alongside the Liber Censuum of Pope Honorius III.

The two collections of papal biographies of the 15th century remain independent, although they may have been intended to be continuations of the Liber Pontificalis.

Theodor Mommsen's 1898 edition of the Liber Pontificalis terminates in 715.

Special cases of the Chinese remainder theorem were also known to Brahmagupta ( 7th century ), and appear in Fibonacci's Liber Abaci ( 1202 ).

Hildegard also wrote nearly 400 letters to correspondents ranging from Popes to Emperors to abbots and abbesses ; two volumes of material on natural medicine and cures ; an invented language called the Lingua ignota ; various minor works, including a gospel commentary and two works of hagiography ; and three great volumes of visionary theology: Scivias, Liber vitae meritorum (" Book of Life's Merits " or " Book of the Rewards of Life "), and Liber divinorum operum (" Book of Divine Works ").

Liber vitae meritorum (" Book of Life's Merits " or " Book of the Rewards of Life ") and Liber divinorum operum (" Book of Divine Works ", also known as De operatione Dei, " On God's Activity ") followed.

The Liber Pontificalis also presents a list that makes Linus the second in the line of bishops of Rome, after Peter ; but at the same time it states that Peter ordained two bishops, Linus and Cletus, for the priestly service of the community, devoting himself instead to prayer and preaching, and that it was to Clement that he entrusted the Church as a whole, appointing him as his successor.

The most important of his writings is the Liber censuum Romanae ecclesiae, which is the most valuable source for the medieval position of the Church in regard to property and also serves in part as a continuation of the Liber Pontificalis.

His father was called " Rufinus ", who was also said to be of Aquileia according to the Liber Pontificalis.

He also ordained Saint Willibrord as bishop of the Frisians, and the Liber Pontificalis states he also ordained Berhtwald as Archbishop of Canterbury.

His recounting of the period was remarkable for the rise of what 19th century papal historians saw as a " pornocracy ", or " rule of the harlots ", a reversal of the natural order as they saw it, according to Liber pontificalis and a later chronicler who was also biased against Sergius III.

The Liber Pontificalis attributes to Zosimus a decree on the wearing of the maniple by deacons and on the dedication of Easter candles in the country parishes ; also a decree forbidding clerics to visit taverns.

According to the notice in the Liber Pontificalis, Felix erected a basilica on the Via Aurelia ; the same source also adds that he was buried there.

Crowley retitled it Liber AL vel Legis in 1921, when he also gave the handwritten manuscript its own title, Liber XXXI.

Proserpina was subsumed by the cult of Libera, an ancient fertility goddess, wife of Liber and is also considered a life – death – rebirth deity.

* Italy: Emperor Frederick II promulgates the Constitutions of Melfi ( also known as Liber Augustalis ), a collection of laws for Sicily.

Possibly he did issue such an edict against the Gnostics and Montanists ; it is also possible that on his own responsibility the writer of the Liber Pontificalis attributed to this pope a similar decree current about the year 500.

Gregory's education was the standard Latin one of Late Antiquity, focusing on Vergil's Aeneid and Martianus Capella's Liber de Nuptiis Mercurii et Philologiae, but also other key texts such as Orosius ' Chronicles, which his Historia is a continuation of, and Sallust, all of which works he refers to in his own.

The Liber Pontificalis also relates that this pope organized the hierarchy and established the order of ecclesiastical precedence ().

His initiative in this direction was visible as early as the Assizes of Capua ( 1220, issued soon after his coronation in Rome ) but came to fruition in his promulgation of the Constitutions of Melfi ( 1231, also known as Liber Augustalis ), a collection of laws for his realm that was remarkable for its time and was a source of inspiration for a long time after.

It has also been suggested that the poem is dependent on Liber historiae Francorum ( 727 ), because it mentions the Attoarii, which in Beowulf become Hetware.